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We aimed to clarify if HBV evolves synchronously in the sera, adjacent liver and tumors and predict HCC prognosis equally. A total of 203 HBV-positive HCC patients with radical hepatectomy in Shanghai, China, during 2011\u201315 were enrolled in this prospective study. Quasispecies complexity (QC) in HBV core promoter region was assessed using clone-based sequencing. We performed RNA sequencing on tumors and paired adjacent tissues of another 15 HCC patients and analyzed it with three public data sets containing 127 samples. HBV QC was positively correlated to APOBEC3s\u2019 expression level (r = 0.28, P &amp;lt; 0.001), higher in the adjacent tissues than in the tumors (P = 6.50e-3), and higher in early tumors than in advanced tumors (P = 0.039). The evolutionary distance between the sera-derived HBV strains and the tumor-derived ones was significantly longer than that between the sera-derived ones and the adjacent tissue-derived ones (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analyses indicated that high HBV QC in the sera predicted an unfavorable overall survival (P = 0.002) and recurrence-free survival (RFS; P = 0.004) in HCC, whereas, in the tumors, it predicted a favorable RFS (P &amp;lt; 0.001). APOBECs-related HBV mutations, including G1764A, were more frequent in the sera than in the adjacent tissues. High-frequent A1762T\/G1764A in the sera predicted an unfavorable RFS (P &amp;lt; 0.001), whereas, in the tumors, it predicted a favorable RFS (P = 0.035). In conclusion, HBV evolves more advanced in the sera than in the tumors. HBV QC and A1762T\/G1764A in the sera and tumors have contrary prognostic effects in HCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgaa127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T23:17:20Z","timestamp":1606259840000},"page":"461-470","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Compartmentalized evolution of hepatitis B virus contributes differently to the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, 8 Panshan Rd, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, 8 Panshan Rd, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 8 Panshan Rd, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuewen","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 8 Panshan Rd, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenbin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, 8 Panshan Rd, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, 8 Panshan Rd, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, 8 Panshan Rd, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yibo","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, 8 Panshan Rd, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, 8 Panshan Rd, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 8 Panshan Rd, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chronic Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Yangpu District, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Tumor Biology, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuqun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 8 Panshan Rd, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Tumor Biology, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8094-1278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangwen","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, 8 Panshan Rd, Yangpu District, Shanghai 200433, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Tumor Biology, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021041713561226900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31280","article-title":"Fraction and incidence of liver cancer attributable to hepatitis B and C viruses worldwide","volume":"142","author":"Maucort-Boulch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer,"},{"key":"2021041713561226900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2017.88","article-title":"A comparative study on the characterization of hepatitis B virus quasispecies by clone-based sequencing and third-generation sequencing","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect.,"},{"key":"2021041713561226900_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13316","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus full-length genomic mutations and quasispecies in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol.,"},{"key":"2021041713561226900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30111","article-title":"An association between core mutations in hepatitis B virus genotype F1b and hepatocellular carcinoma in Alaskan native people","volume":"69","author":"Hayashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology,"},{"key":"2021041713561226900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.01.027","article-title":"Overview of hepatitis B viral replication and genetic variability","volume":"64","author":"Tong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hepatol.,"},{"key":"2021041713561226900_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12992","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12992","article-title":"Genomic and oncogenic preference of HBV integration in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. 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Microbiol.,"}],"container-title":["Carcinogenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/carcin\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/carcin\/bgaa127\/36523483\/bgaa127.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/carcin\/article-pdf\/42\/3\/461\/37119207\/bgaa127.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/carcin\/article-pdf\/42\/3\/461\/37119207\/bgaa127.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T17:28:58Z","timestamp":1697218138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/carcin\/article\/42\/3\/461\/6008601"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/carcin\/bgaa127","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-3334","1460-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-3334","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,28]]}}}