{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T12:29:02Z","timestamp":1771331342599,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 81803550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 81803550"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>One key reason for T cell exhaustion is continuous antigen exposure. Early exhausted T cells can reverse exhaustion and differentiate into fully functional memory T cells if removed from persisting antigen stimulation. Therefore, this study viewed T cell exhaustion as an over-activation status induced by chronic antigen stimuli. This study hypothesized that blocking TCR signal intermittently to terminate over-activation signal can defer the developmental process of T cell exhaustion. In this study, melanoma-bearing mice were treated with tacrolimus (FK506) every 5 days. The tumor size and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were analyzed. We found that intermittent administration of tacrolimus significantly inhibited tumor growth, and this effect was mediated by CD8+T cells. Intermittent tacrolimus treatment facilitated the infiltration of CD8+TILs. RNA-seq and quantitative RT-PCR of sorted CD8+TILs showed the expression of Nr4a1 (an exhaustion-related transcription factor) and Ctla4 (a T cell inhibitory receptor) was remarkably downregulated. These results indicated that intermittently blocking TCR signal by tacrolimus can promote anti-tumor immunity and inhibit the tumor growth in melanoma-bearing mice, inhibiting the transcription of several exhaustion-related genes, such as Nr4a1 and Ctla4.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgac017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T20:11:48Z","timestamp":1644264708000},"page":"338-348","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Intermittent administration of tacrolimus enhances &amp;#x2028;anti-tumor immunity in melanoma-bearing mice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nianhai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China"},{"name":"Platform for Medical Research, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China"},{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Cancer, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China"},{"name":"Platform for Medical Research, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China"},{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Cancer, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fujian Orthopedics Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruilong","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China"},{"name":"Platform for Medical Research, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China"},{"name":"Fujian Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Cancer, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianhe","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China"},{"name":"Molecular Oncology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1674-3397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zili","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022051911462651800_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3862","article-title":"Molecular and cellular insights into T cell exhaustion","volume":"15","author":"Wherry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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