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This disease disproportionately affects those in countries with low or medium Human Development Index scores in Eastern Asia, South-Eastern Asia, and Northern and Western Africa (2). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of primary liver cancer, often develops in the background of chronic liver disease, caused by hepatitis B or C virus, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or other diseases that cause cirrhosis. Prognosis can vary dramatically based on number, size, and location of tumors. Hepatic synthetic dysfunction and performance status (PS) also impact survival. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system best accounts for these variations, providing a reliable prognostic stratification. Therapeutic considerations of this complex disease necessitate a multidisciplinary approach and can range from curative-intent surgical resection, liver transplantation or image-guided ablation to more complex liver-directed therapies like transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and systemic therapy. Recent advances in the understanding of the tumor biology and microenvironment have brought new advances and approvals for systemic therapeutic agents, often utilizing immunotherapy or VEGF-targeted agents to modulate the immune response. This review will discuss the current landscape in the treatments available for early, intermediate, and advanced stage HCC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgad052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T21:10:45Z","timestamp":1688764245000},"page":"537-548","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The current landscape of therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6906-3796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelley","family":"Coffman-D\u2019Annibale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, Gastrointestinal Malignancies Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research , Bethesda, MD , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changqing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, Gastrointestinal Malignancies Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research , Bethesda, MD , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna M","family":"Hrones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, Gastrointestinal Malignancies Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research , Bethesda, MD , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shadin","family":"Ghabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, Gastrointestinal Malignancies Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research , Bethesda, MD , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim F","family":"Greten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, Gastrointestinal Malignancies Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research , Bethesda, MD , USA"},{"name":"National Cancer Institute, NCI CCR Liver Cancer Program, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5558-2744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Monge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute, Gastrointestinal Malignancies Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research , Bethesda, MD , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023102019131079600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-00527-1","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma: old friends and new tricks","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. 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