{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T16:00:08Z","timestamp":1792166408012,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":120,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020082","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CA173465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA173465"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020082","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The tobacco constituent, N\u2032-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) is a potential etiological agent in the development of oral cancer. NNN is metabolically activated to form DNA adducts that release 4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (HPB) which was detected at higher levels in the oral cavity of smokers than non-smokers. Black raspberry (BRB) has been proposed as a preventive agent of oral cancer. In a phase 0 clinical trial, 40 active smokers (16 males, 24 females) consumed 5\u2005g of BRB lozenges daily for 8 weeks. Each participant served as his\/her own control. Buccal cells and urine were collected at baseline, during BRB administration, and washout period. In all smokers, BRB reduced, but not significantly, the levels of HPB-releasing DNA adducts (Baseline: 0.97 \u00b1 0.51 and End-BRB: 0.61 \u00b1 0.23 HPB\/106 Guanine). A sex-specific response to BRB was observed: BRB had no effects in men, but in 16 of 24 women, BRB significantly reduced the levels of HPB. We further tested the hypothesis that detoxification of NNN via N-glucuronidation by BRB may, in part, account for the inhibition of HPB levels. The ratio of NNN-N-glucuronide to free NNN significantly increased (P = 0.028) from 1.29 \u00b1 0.40 (baseline) to 2.77 \u00b1 0.76 (End-BRB) in all 40 women as well as in female responders from 1.24 \u00b1 0.60 (baseline) to 2.87 \u00b1 1.00, but not in non-responders. The metabolic changes of NNN observed in our clinical trial indicate that BRB is a promising candidate for cancer interception and prevention of oral cancer in some, but not in all active smokers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgag019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T11:30:17Z","timestamp":1776771017000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The effects of black raspberry lozenges on 4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-releasing DNA adducts in buccal cells and urinary levels of N\u2032-nitrosonornicotine and its glucuronide in active smokers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3820-6149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kun-Ming","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Precision Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5824-4572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolle M","family":"Krebs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2028-3533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan-Wan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Precision Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4902-4292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongxiao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Mass Spectrometry Core Facilities, Penn State College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7649-1553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiangang","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6266-3342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Reinhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3122-0244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan R","family":"Mallery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dentistry, Division of Oral Maxillofacial Pathology, The Ohio State University , Columbus, OH, 43210 \u00a0","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4198-0696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karam","family":"El-Bayoumy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Precision Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine , Hershey, PA 17033 ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA: A Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bgaf025","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgaf025","article-title":"Current challenges and potential opportunities for interception and prevention of head and neck cancer","volume":"46","author":"El-Bayoumy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-20-0096","article-title":"An integrated approach for preventing oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers: two etiologies with distinct and shared mechanisms of carcinogenesis","volume":"13","author":"El-Bayoumy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer prevention research"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-021-01009-7","article-title":"The characteristics of patients who quit smoking in the year following a cancer diagnosis","volume":"16","author":"Gummerson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cancer Surviv"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(90)90294-3","article-title":"Oral cancer in India: an epidemiologic and clinical review","volume":"69","author":"Sankaranarayanan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21871","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2025","volume":"75","author":"Siegel","year":"2025","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1021\/tx000260u","article-title":"The less harmful cigarette: a controversial issue. a tribute to Ernst L","volume":"14","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020389","article-title":"Impacts of environmental factors on head and neck cancer pathogenesis and progression","volume":"10","author":"Miranda-Galvis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.6b00306","article-title":"Carcinogenesis of the oral cavity: environmental causes and potential prevention by black raspberry","volume":"30","author":"El-Bayoumy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B10","first-page":"5451","article-title":"Curcumin activates the aryl hydrocarbon receptor yet significantly inhibits (-)-benzo(a)pyrene-7R-trans-7,8-dihydrodiol bioactivation in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells and oral mucosa","volume":"62","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.capr-13-0262","article-title":"Clinical and biochemical studies support smokeless tobacco's carcinogenic potential in the human oral cavity","volume":"7","author":"Mallery","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer prevention research"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116838","article-title":"A look beyond the priority: a systematic review of the genotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic endpoints of non-priority PAHs","volume":"278","author":"da Silva Junior","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environmental pollution"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/19.1.117","article-title":"A comparison of the tumors induced by coal tar and benzo[a]pyrene in a 2-year bioassay","volume":"19","author":"Culp","year":"1998","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.26344","article-title":"Mutagenesis and carcinogenesis induced by dibenzo[a,l]pyrene in the mouse oral cavity: a potential new model for oral cancer","volume":"130","author":"Guttenplan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgac058","article-title":"Detection of DNA adducts derived from the tobacco carcinogens, benzo[a]pyrene and dibenzo[def,p]chrysene in human oral buccal cells","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5109","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095109","article-title":"Metabolism and DNA adduct formation of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B17","first-page":"1","volume-title":"IARC monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans","author":"Smokeless tobacco and some tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines","year":"2007"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgt162","article-title":"(S)-N'-Nitrosonornicotine, a constituent of smokeless tobacco, is a powerful oral cavity carcinogen in rats","volume":"34","author":"Balbo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1021\/tx980005y","article-title":"Biochemistry, biology, and carcinogenicity of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines","volume":"11","author":"Hecht","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.5b00472","article-title":"Exposure and metabolic activation biomarkers of carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines","volume":"49","author":"Hecht","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acc Chem Res"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1021\/tx300282k","article-title":"Analysis of 4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (HPB)-releasing DNA adducts in human exfoliated oral mucosa cells by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"26","author":"Stepanov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.6b00254","article-title":"Optimized liquid chromatography nanoelectrospray-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of 4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-releasing DNA adducts in human oral cells","volume":"29","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-19-0459","article-title":"Oral microbiome profiling in smokers with and without head and neck cancer reveals variations between health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer prevention research"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-04-0753","article-title":"Tobacco-specific nitrosamines and their pyridine-N-glucuronides in the urine of smokers and smokeless tobacco users","volume":"14","author":"Stepanov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgr125","article-title":"Urinary levels of the tobacco-specific carcinogen N'-nitrosonornicotine and its glucuronide are strongly associated with esophageal cancer risk in smokers","volume":"32","author":"Yuan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28575","article-title":"Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamine exposures and cancer risk in the Shanghai cohort study: remarkable coherence with rat tumor sites","volume":"134","author":"Stepanov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-22-0776","article-title":"A view on drug development for cancer prevention","volume":"13","author":"Reynolds","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-19-0496","article-title":"Black raspberry inhibits oral tumors in mice treated with the tobacco smoke constituent dibenzo(def,p)chrysene via genetic and epigenetic alterations","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer prevention research"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bgae067","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgae067","article-title":"Inhibition of benzo[a]pyrene-induced DNA adduct in buccal cells of smokers by black raspberry lozenges","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-23-0153","article-title":"The effects of black raspberry as a whole food-based approach on biomarkers of oxidative stress in buccal cells and urine of smokers","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer prevention research"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-15-0187","article-title":"Suppression of proinflammatory and prosurvival biomarkers in oral cancer patients consuming a black raspberry phytochemical-rich troche","volume":"9","author":"Knobloch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer prevention research"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pdb.prot4455","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot4455","article-title":"Purification of nucleic acids by extraction with phenol:chloroform","volume":"2006","author":"Sambrook","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Protoc"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4827","DOI":"10.1021\/ac030135y","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of five tobacco-specific nitrosamines in mainstream cigarette smoke by isotope dilution liquid chromatography\/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"75","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-07-2711","article-title":"Detection and quantitation of N'-nitrosonornicotine in human toenails by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"17","author":"Stepanov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3109\/00365516509077065","article-title":"Plasma creatinine determination. A new and specific Jaffe reaction method","volume":"17","author":"Slot","year":"1965","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-15-0390","article-title":"A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled phase IIB trial of curcumin in oral leukoplakia","volume":"9","author":"Kuriakose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer prevention research"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11081206","article-title":"Sex-biased expression of pharmacogenes across human tissues","volume":"11","author":"Idda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98689-z","article-title":"Effect of CYP3A4 metabolism on sex differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zolpidem","volume":"11","author":"Yoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3109\/00498251003713958","article-title":"Hepatic CYP2B6 is altered by genetic, physiologic, and environmental factors but plays little role in nicotine metabolism","volume":"40","author":"Koudsi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Xenobiotica"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.122.000915","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes in rat heart, liver, kidney, lung, brain, and small intestine","volume":"51","author":"Gerges","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-009-0762-0","article-title":"Hepatic CYP2A6 levels and nicotine metabolism: impact of genetic, physiological, environmental, and epigenetic factors","volume":"66","author":"Al Koudsi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.110.035345","article-title":"Sex differences in UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17 expression and activity","volume":"38","author":"Gallagher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.107.019406","article-title":"Glucuronidation of tobacco-specific nitrosamines by UGT2B10","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200948030-00001","article-title":"Sex differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics","volume":"48","author":"Soldin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-12-1234-T","article-title":"The ability of plasma cotinine to predict nicotine and carcinogen exposure is altered by differences in CYP2A6: the influence of genetics, race, and sex","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8434","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c09611","article-title":"Gender difference in DNA damage induced by the environmental carcinogen dibenzo[def,p]chrysene individually and in combination with mouse papillomavirus infection in the mouse oral cavity","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B47","first-page":"4685","article-title":"Comparative metabolism of N'-nitrosonornicotine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone by cultured F344 rat oral tissue and esophagus","volume":"50","author":"Murphy","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.6b00372","article-title":"Oral cell DNA adducts as potential biomarkers for lung cancer susceptibility in cigarette smokers","volume":"30","author":"Hecht","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-4096","article-title":"Effects of a topically applied bioadhesive berry gel on loss of heterozygosity indices in premalignant oral lesions","volume":"14","author":"Shumway","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-008-9806-x","article-title":"Distribution of anthocyanins delivered from a bioadhesive black raspberry gel following topical intraoral application in normal healthy volunteers","volume":"26","author":"Ugalde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-13-3159","article-title":"Topical application of a mucoadhesive freeze-dried black raspberry gel induces clinical and histologic regression and reduces loss of heterozygosity events in premalignant oral intraepithelial lesions: results from a multicentered, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"20","author":"Mallery","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4945","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-08-0568","article-title":"Topical application of a bioadhesive black raspberry gel modulates gene expression and reduces cyclooxygenase 2 protein in human premalignant oral lesions","volume":"68","author":"Mallery","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0040","article-title":"Effects of human oral mucosal tissue, saliva, and oral microflora on intraoral metabolism and bioactivation of black raspberry anthocyanins","volume":"4","author":"Mallery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer prevention research"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1189","article-title":"Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals","volume":"3","author":"Surh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.2c00246","article-title":"Black raspberry extract enhances glutathione conjugation of the fjord-region diol epoxide derived from the tobacco carcinogen dibenzo[def,p]chrysene in human oral cells","volume":"35","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11112110","article-title":"Treatment of human HeLa cells with black raspberry extracts enhances the removal of DNA lesions by the nucleotide excision repair mechanism","volume":"11","author":"Sales","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-005-0170-4","article-title":"Radiation protection of DNA by ferulic acid under in vitro and in vivo conditions","volume":"280","author":"Maurya","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgl155","article-title":"Increased expression of the MGMT repair protein mediated by cysteine prodrugs and chemopreventative natural products in human lymphocytes and tumor cell lines","volume":"28","author":"Niture","year":"2007","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2026051410483586600_bgag019-B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.103875","article-title":"Sex disparities in DNA damage response pathways: novel determinants in cancer formation and therapy","volume":"25","author":"Cardano","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"}],"container-title":["Carcinogenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/carcin\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/carcin\/bgag019\/68199306\/bgag019.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/carcin\/article-pdf\/47\/2\/bgag019\/68199306\/bgag019.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/carcin\/article-pdf\/47\/2\/bgag019\/68199306\/bgag019.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T14:48:44Z","timestamp":1778770124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/carcin\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/carcin\/bgag019\/8666183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/carcin\/bgag019","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-3334","1460-2180"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-3334","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2180","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"bgag019"}}