{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:09:05Z","timestamp":1787069345269,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Zoon balanitis (ZB) was originally described in the 1950s in patients with clinical features resembling erythroplasia of Queyrat but with histology that demonstrated a plasma cell infiltrate without evidence of dysplasia. Subsequently, ZB has been extensively reported in the literature, reflecting widespread acknowledgement as an established distinct clinicopathological entity. However, its existence as such has been questioned, and there have been suggestions in the literature that ZB represents either a nonspecific irritant reaction pattern, or a part of the heterogeneous clinicopathological complex of male genital lichen sclerosus (MGLSc). In this study, the entire historical literature of published cases of ZB was subject to review to determine whether clinical or histological features of MGLSc had been present and been overlooked. In total, 101 papers were reviewed. Seventy-five contained images purporting to be of ZB. Images that were deemed to be of inadequate quality or to present uninformative anatomical views were excluded. The images in 66 papers were amenable to scrutiny; 98.5% of these images demonstrated clinical signs of MGLSc, such as adhesions, effacement of the coronal sulcus and the frenulum, tightening of the prepuce, constrictive posthitis, etiolation of the glans, lichenoid inflammation and sclerosis. These findings strongly suggest that ZB occurs in the vast majority of cases as a manifestation of MGLSc and that its recognition as a distinct clinicopathological entity should be questioned, if not discontinued.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ced\/llae457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T16:22:49Z","timestamp":1730218969000},"page":"731-739","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Zoon balanitis: not a distinct clinicopathological entity?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8337-2501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard E","family":"Watchorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Beaumont Hospital , Beaumont Road, Dublin ,","place":["Ireland"]},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0201-6631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Beaumont Hospital , Beaumont Road, Dublin ,","place":["Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1924-0149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Kravvas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6693-7483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher B","family":"Bunker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , London ,","place":["UK"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000256880","article-title":"Balanoposthite chronique circonscrite benigne a plasmocytes","volume":"105","author":"Zoon","year":"1952","journal-title":"Dermatologica"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B2","first-page":"1529","article-title":"[Chronic circumscribed balanitis with plasma cell infiltration]","volume":"94","author":"Zoon","year":"1950","journal-title":"Tijdschr Geneeskd"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B3","volume-title":"Male Genital Dermatology","author":"Bunker","year":"2019","edition":"2nd edn"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B4","volume-title":"Essential Dermatology","author":"Bolognia","year":"2017","edition":"4th edn"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B5","first-page":"111.1","volume-title":"Rook\u2019s Textbook of Dermatology","author":"Bunker","year":"2016","edition":"9th edn"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/7140.2006.00008","article-title":"Plasma cell balanitis: clinicopathologic study of 112 cases and treatment modalities","volume":"10","author":"Kumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-200212000-00001","article-title":"Balanitis of Zoon: a clinicopathologic study of 45 cases","volume":"24","author":"Weyers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e116","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16037","article-title":"Zoon balanitis\u00a0\u2013 \u200cdoes it exist?","volume":"34","author":"Bunker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AB87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.02.358","article-title":"Zoon balanitis is a nonspecific reactive pattern and not a clinical diagnosis","volume":"72","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B10","first-page":"285","article-title":"Zoon balanitis revisited: report of balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis resolving with topical mupirocin ointment monotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2020.11.027","article-title":"Lichen sclerosus and phimosis\u00a0\u2013\u200c\u00a0discrepancies between clinical and pathological diagnosis and its consequences","volume":"148","author":"Czajkowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.2002.01323.x","article-title":"Mucinous metaplasia of the penis","volume":"40","author":"Fang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7184.142408","article-title":"A study of pattern of nonvenereal genital dermatoses of male attending skin OPD at a tertiary care center","volume":"35","author":"Saraswat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B14","first-page":"337","article-title":"Plasmocellular balanoposthitis of Zoon","volume":"43","author":"Arango Toro","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Esp Urol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2018.020","article-title":"Simultaneous occurrence of balanoposthitis circumscripta plasmacellularis Zoon, phimosis and in situ carcinoma of the penis: case report with an unusual ulcerated polypoid variant of Zoon\u2019s disease and a carcinoma in situ of reserve cell type","volume":"6","author":"Wollina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Access Maced J Med Sci"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B16","first-page":"431","article-title":"Zoon\u2019s plasma-cell nodular balanitis","volume":"121","author":"Crudeli","year":"1986","journal-title":"G Ital Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462991913484","article-title":"Carcinoma of the penis preceded by Zoon\u2019s balanitis","volume":"10","author":"Joshi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.10037","article-title":"Zoon\u2019s balanitis treated with Erbium:YAG laser ablation","volume":"30","author":"Albertini","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lasers Surg Med"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B19","first-page":"395","article-title":"Bowen\u2019s disease of the glans penis (erythroplasia of Queyrat) in plasma cell balanitis","volume":"65","author":"Davis-Daneshfar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2007.007171","article-title":"Erythroplasia of Queyrat with Zoon\u2019s balanitis: a diagnostic dilemma","volume":"19","author":"Divakaruni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.IDOJ_23_17","article-title":"Nonvenereal penile dermatoses: a retrospective study","volume":"9","author":"Marcos-Pinto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-0960.2008.00440.x","article-title":"Erythroplasia of Queyrat of the glans penis on a background of Zoon\u2019s plasma cell balanitis","volume":"49","author":"Starritt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000210440","article-title":"Zoon\u2019s balanitis: benign or premalignant lesion?","volume":"1","author":"Balato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Case Rep Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2008.03392.x","article-title":"Two cases of Zoon\u2019s balanitis treated with pimecrolimus 1% cream","volume":"47","author":"Bardazzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2009.11.013","article-title":"Mucinous metaplasia of the penis associated with Zoon's balanitis","volume":"101","author":"Garc\u00eda-Ab\u00f3s","year":"2010","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s13149-014-0359-4","article-title":"Zoon\u2019s balanitis in circumcised and HIV infected man, at Cotonou (Benin)","volume":"107","author":"Ad\u00e9gbidi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1159\/000076484","article-title":"Review of 120 biopsies performed on the balanopreputial sac. from Zoon\u2019s balanitis to the concept of a wider spectrum of inflammatory non-cicatricial balanoposthitis","volume":"208","author":"Alessi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2013.08.015","article-title":"Non-infectious inflammatory genital lesions","volume":"32","author":"Andreassi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2013.2440","article-title":"Differentiation between balanitis and carcinoma in situ using reflectance confocal microscopy","volume":"149","author":"Arzberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1989.tb03407.x","article-title":"The treatment of Zoon\u2019s balanitis with the carbon dioxide laser","volume":"15","author":"Baldwin","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Dermatol Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-017-0178-1","article-title":"Successful management of Zoon\u2019s balanitis with topical mupirocin ointment: a case report and literature review of mupirocin-responsive balanitis circumscripta plasmacelluaris","volume":"7","author":"Bari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2015.08.010","article-title":"Zoon\u2019s balanitis successfully treated with photodynamic therapy: case report and literature review","volume":"13","author":"Borgia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(80)80289-1","article-title":"Balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis","volume":"2","author":"Brodin","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7184.55482","article-title":"Treatment of balanitis of Zoon\u2019s with tacrolimus 0.03% ointment","volume":"30","author":"Chander","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e142","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.14176","article-title":"Zoon\u2019s plasma cell balanitis: clinical and dermoscopic features in pediatric patients","volume":"57","author":"Chessa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.4103\/UA.UA_10_16","article-title":"Zoon\u2019s balanitis treated with topical tacrolimus","volume":"9","author":"Daga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urol Ann"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B37","first-page":"424","article-title":"Balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis","volume":"153","author":"Davis","year":"1995","journal-title":"J\u00a0Urol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7184.192128","article-title":"Zoon balanitis: a comprehensive review","volume":"37","author":"Dayal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Sex Transm Dis AIDS"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2020.05.018","article-title":"Zoon\u2019s plasma cell balanitis associated with male genital lichen sclerosus","volume":"6","author":"Delaleu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15359","article-title":"Accuracy of dermoscopy in distinguishing erythroplasia of Queyrat from common forms of chronic balanitis: results from a multicentric observational study","volume":"33","author":"Errichetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e209","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.13538","article-title":"Dermoscopy of Zoon\u2019s plasma cell balanitis","volume":"30","author":"Errichetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.2165\/11593260-000000000-00000","article-title":"Plasma cell balanitis presenting in a patient with a history of syphilis","volume":"13","author":"Ezra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4725.1984.tb01266.x","article-title":"Zoon\u2019s balanitis treated by circumcision","volume":"10","author":"Ferr\u00e1ndiz","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Dermatol Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14807","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.14807","article-title":"Topical cyclosporine 5% cream in Zoon\u2019s balanitis resistant to other therapies: a case report","volume":"34","author":"Giorgio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2006.02934.x","article-title":"Successful treatment of Zoon\u2019s balanitis with topical tacrolimus","volume":"45","author":"Hague","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2005.01806.x","article-title":"Plasma cell balanitis of Zoon treated successfully with topical tacrolimus","volume":"30","author":"Hernandez-Machin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-4295(84)90165-1","article-title":"Papulosquamous lesions of glans penis","volume":"23","author":"Horan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.37634","article-title":"Zoon\u2019s balanitis\u00a0\u2013\u200c\u00a0diagnosis and follow-up","volume":"18","author":"Hota","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J Urol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.03.018","article-title":"Plasma cell (Zoon\u2019s) balanitis with concomitant HIV infection","volume":"66","author":"Houser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annder.2016.07.007","article-title":"Zoon\u2019s balanitis: correlation between dermatopathology and dermoscopy","volume":"143","author":"Huet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1159\/000282480","article-title":"Zoon\u2019s balanitis","volume":"50","author":"Jolly","year":"1993","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B52","first-page":"173","article-title":"Chronic pseudo-erythroplasic balanitis and vulvitis: histological study (author\u2019s transl)","volume":"107","author":"Jonqui\u00e8res","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s00120-016-0136-z","article-title":"Dermatological diseases of the external male genitalia: part 1","volume":"55","author":"K\u00f6hn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urologe A"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(89)80278-6","article-title":"Lichen aureus of the glans penis as an expression of Zoon\u2019s balanitis","volume":"21","author":"Kossard","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n1666","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1666","article-title":"A recurrent rash on the penis","volume":"374","author":"Kreuter","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B56","first-page":"109","article-title":"Plasma cell balanitis (Zoon\u2019s balanitis): a clinicopathological study of 8 cases","volume-title":"Our Dermatol Online","author":"Krishna Rao","year":"2012"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1159\/000357153","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of topical calcineurin inhibitors in plasma cell balanitis: case series and review of the literature","volume":"228","author":"Kyriakou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12460","article-title":"Handheld reflectance confocal microscopy, dermatoscopy and histopathological correlation of common inflammatory balanitis","volume":"24","author":"Lacarrubba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555562352356","article-title":"Balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis: case report with ultrastructural study","volume":"62","author":"Leonforte","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.revmed.2013.07.002","article-title":"A coloured glans penis","volume":"35","author":"Loggia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Med Interne"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.23736\/S0392-0488.17.05722-4","article-title":"Zoon balanitis in an immune-competent teenager","volume":"154","author":"Marasca","year":"2019","journal-title":"G Ital Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2010.0829","article-title":"Zoon\u2019s balanitis treated with imiquimod 5% cream","volume":"20","author":"Marconi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2005.06945.x","article-title":"Plasma cell balanitis treated with tacrolimus 0.1%","volume":"153","author":"Moreno-Arias","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.1986.tb05913.x","article-title":"Plasma cell balinitis of Zoon","volume":"58","author":"Murray","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1990.tb03826.x","article-title":"Balanitis of Zoon","volume":"29","author":"Nishimura","year":"1990","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2007.00269.x","article-title":"Case of balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis","volume":"34","author":"Ohta","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462413486456","article-title":"Circumcision as treatment for Zoon\u2019s balanitis in an HIV-positive teenage patient","volume":"24","author":"de Oliveira Pileggi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2003.01304.x","article-title":"Zoon\u2019s balanitis: presentation of 15 patients, five treated with a carbon dioxide laser","volume":"42","author":"Retamar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2006.01857.x","article-title":"Plasma cell balanitis of zoon treated with topical tacrolimus 0.1%: report of three cases","volume":"21","author":"Ro\u00e9","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.12.1538","article-title":"Topical tacrolimus: an effective therapy for Zoon balanitis","volume":"140","author":"Santos-Juanes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B71","first-page":"86","article-title":"Chronic plasma cell balanitis of Zoon. Report of two cases","volume":"49","author":"Sehgal","year":"1973","journal-title":"Br J Vener Dis"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20187462","article-title":"Thalidomide in plasma cell balanitis refractory to conventional topical treatment","volume":"93","author":"Serr\u00e3o","year":"2018","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1982.tb04563.x","article-title":"Zoon\u2019s (plasma-cell) balanitis: treatment by circumcision","volume":"106","author":"Sonnex","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1981.tb01205.x","article-title":"Zoon\u2019s balanitis (balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis)","volume":"105","author":"Souteyrand","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B75","first-page":"57","article-title":"Balanitis plasmacellularis circumscripta (Zoon\u2019s balanitis plasmacellularis)","volume":"25","author":"Stern","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cutis"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1159\/000161119","article-title":"Discordant results with pimecrolimus 1% cream in the treatment of plasma cell balanitis","volume":"218","author":"Stinco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462011916811","article-title":"Plasma cell balanitis of Zoon: response to Trimovate cream","volume":"12","author":"Tang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13139","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13139","article-title":"Rituximab as most adequate treatment option for CD20-positive balanitis plasmacellularis Zoon!","volume":"32","author":"Tchernev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2006.02.071","article-title":"Zoon\u2019s balanitis in a circumcised man","volume":"57","author":"Toker","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2014.2439","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for Zoon balanitis","volume":"24","author":"Torchia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B81","first-page":"331","article-title":"Zoon\u2019s plasmocytary balanitis. Treatment by circumcision and a review of the literature","volume":"12","author":"Vozmediano","year":"1984","journal-title":"Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3109\/14764171003706125","article-title":"Ablative erbium:YAG laser treatment of idiopathic chronic inflammatory non-cicatricial balanoposthitis (Zoon\u2019s disease) \u2013 a series of 20 patients with long-term outcome","volume":"12","author":"Wollina","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cosmet Laser Ther"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2016.28.1.40","article-title":"Dermatoses of the glans penis in Korea: a 10-year single center experience","volume":"28","author":"You","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15215","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15215","article-title":"Reply to: Topical cyclosporine 5% cream in Zoon\u2019s balanitis resistant to other therapies: a case report","volume":"35","author":"Watchorn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.136.3.350","article-title":"Circumcision and genital dermatoses","volume":"136","author":"Mallon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000269","article-title":"Plasma cell (Zoon) balanitis: another inflammatory disorder that can be rich in IgG4+ plasma cells","volume":"38","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2017.10.011","article-title":"Genital diseases in the mature man","volume":"36","author":"Watchorn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2011.011072","article-title":"Male genital skin biopsy","volume":"22","author":"Rao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/LGT.0000000000000457","article-title":"Should we always biopsy in clinically evident lichen sclerosus?","volume":"23","author":"McCarthy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Low Genit Tract Dis"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1007\/s001050050787","article-title":"[Balanitis\/balanoposthitis chronica circumscripta benigna plasmacellularis \u2013 entity or fiction?]","volume":"49","author":"Altmeyer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hautarzt"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14488","article-title":"The diagnosis and management of male genital lichen sclerosus: a retrospective review of 301 patients","volume":"32","author":"Kravvas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2025032702501053900_llae457-B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2020.1800574","article-title":"The management of penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN): clinical and histological features and treatment of 345 patients and a review of the literature","volume":"33","author":"Kravvas","year":"2022","journal-title":"J\u00a0Dermatolog Treat"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ced\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ced\/llae457\/60290636\/llae457.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ced\/article-pdf\/50\/4\/731\/60290636\/llae457.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ced\/article-pdf\/50\/4\/731\/60290636\/llae457.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,30]],"date-time":"2025-03-30T00:32:33Z","timestamp":1743294753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ced\/article\/50\/4\/731\/7862725"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ced\/llae457","relation":{},"ISSN":["0307-6938","1365-2230"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0307-6938","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2230","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]}}}