{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,23]],"date-time":"2025-08-23T00:08:14Z","timestamp":1755907694955,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":10,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30-CA008748"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-CA008748"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007052","name":"Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Ex vivo confocal microscopy (EVCM) rapidly images excised tissues at near-histopathological resolution, bypassing the time-consuming and labour-intensive tissue processing required for conventional histopathological evaluation. Thus far, the technique has been used to image only fresh or frozen tissues, which are challenging to transport, limiting its use to specialized centres. However, this technique could be extremely beneficial for primary health centres without histopathology laboratories, providing access to rapid pathology. For this, tissues would need to be transported in a preservative to maintain their integrity. Formalin is an excellent preservative that is readily available in clinics. We tested its effect on tissues evaluated by EVCM at 30\u2005min, 1\u2005h, 2\u2005h, 4\u2005h, 6\u2005h, 24\u2005h, 3\u2005days, 5\u2005days and 7\u2005days after fixation and compared the images acquired with images from fresh tissue (baseline). Sixty images were acquired from normal skin tissues and tumours and analysed by a dermatopathologist blinded to the histopathology diagnosis. Normal tissue structures and tumours were correctly identified at all timepoints. Tissue became easier to handle after fixation, and photobleaching was not seen in fixed tissues. Using formalin would also preserve tissue morphology for ancillary studies. Our pilot work sets the stage for future large-scale studies and aids in widespread adaptation of this technique beyond specialized centres.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ced\/llaf185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T21:42:36Z","timestamp":1745962956000},"page":"1851-1855","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of formalin fixation on <i>ex vivo<\/i> confocal microscopy imaging: towards rapid pathology"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Kahn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ucalene","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Pulitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatopathology Service, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manu","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY 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training and reading study to assess basal cell carcinoma surgical margins with ex vivo fluorescence confocal microscopy","volume":"48","author":"Kose","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cutan Pathol"},{"key":"2025082212473975200_llaf185-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-89316-3_1","volume-title":"Cutaneous Atlas of Ex Vivo Confocal Microscopy","author":"Send\u00edn-Mart\u00edn","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025082212473975200_llaf185-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24002","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.22.2.024002","article-title":"Implementation of fluorescence confocal mosaicking microscopy by \u201cearly adopter\u201d Mohs surgeons and dermatologists: recent progress","volume":"22","author":"Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"2025082212473975200_llaf185-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19017","article-title":"Ex vivo confocal microscopy: revolution in fast pathology in dermatology","volume":"183","author":"Malvehy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2025082212473975200_llaf185-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064015","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2136313","article-title":"Loss of image quality in photobleaching during microscopic imaging of fluorescent probes bound to chromatin","volume":"10","author":"Bernas","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt"},{"key":"2025082212473975200_llaf185-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2744","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.17109","article-title":"Skin tumour specimen shrinkage with excision and formalin fixation \u2013 how much and why: a prospective study and discussion of the literature","volume":"91","author":"de Waal","year":"2021","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"2025082212473975200_llaf185-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.05.044","article-title":"Complete visualization of epidermal margin during ex vivo confocal microscopy of excised tissue with 3D-mosaicking and intensity projection","volume":"86","author":"Sendin-Martin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2025082212473975200_llaf185-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_125_15","article-title":"A review of artifacts in histopathology","volume":"22","author":"Taqi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Pathol"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental 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