{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T16:31:12Z","timestamp":1789230672623,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cutaneous sensory syndromes (CSS) comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by symptoms of itch, burning, pain or other dysaesthesias on normal or minimally altered skin. They share convergent biology that includes aberrant small-fibre input, spinal and supraspinal sensitization and neuroimmune crosstalk that perpetuates the itch\u2013scratch cycle. This narrative review synthesizes current concepts and practical management across seven types of CSS encountered in adult practice: scalp dysaesthesia, vulvodynia, scrotodynia, brachioradial pruritus, notalgia paraesthetica, burning mouth syndrome and psychogenic itch. We first outline a clinically focused pathophysiology from peripheral pruriceptors through dorsal horn circuits to cortical networks and descending control, and we integrate the brain\u2013skin axis and autonomic influences. We then present a pragmatic evaluation framework that emphasizes targeted history, symptom mapping, red flags, a minimal laboratory panel, selective imaging or biopsy, and patch testing when product exposure suggests contact allergy. Management is organized around education and trigger modification, topical neuromodulators for focal disease, class-level systemic neuromodulators when symptoms are frequent or widespread and psychodermatology integration that addresses attention, mood, sleep and behavioural loops. Disorder-specific sections highlight distinctive clinical cues and low-risk first steps, with adjuncts for patients with refractory cases. This narrative review provides a concise, mechanism-informed roadmap to improve diagnosis, counselling and outcomes in patients with CSS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/ced\/llag107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T12:44:29Z","timestamp":1772196269000},"page":"1575-1585","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Understanding cutaneous sensory syndromes: diagnostic challenges and treatment implications"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5069-0945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janmesh D","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, WI ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Jafferany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Central Michigan University College of Medicine , Saginaw, MI ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"CMU Medical Education Partners , Saginaw, MI ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.04.059","article-title":"Neurocutaneous disease: neurocutaneous dysesthesias","volume":"74","author":"Shumway","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.05.004","article-title":"Basic mechanisms of itch","volume":"152","author":"Misery","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.04.018","article-title":"Clinical aspects and management of chronic itch","volume":"152","author":"Zeidler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.07.076","article-title":"Itch: epidemiology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic workup","volume":"86","author":"Roh","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3164","article-title":"European S2k Guideline on Chronic Pruritus","volume":"99","author":"Weisshaar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.03.023","article-title":"Peripheral and central mechanisms of itch","volume":"98","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.07.035","article-title":"Neural processing of itch","volume":"250","author":"Akiyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112283","article-title":"MrgprA3-expressing pruriceptors drive pruritogen-induced alloknesis through mechanosensitive Piezo2 channel","volume":"42","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16859-5","article-title":"Central circuit mechanisms of itch","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108025","article-title":"GRP receptor and AMPA receptor cooperatively regulate itch-responsive neurons in the spinal dorsal horn","volume":"170","author":"Kiguchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Rp86633","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.86633","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y-expressing dorsal horn inhibitory interneurons gate spinal pain and itch signalling","volume":"12","author":"Dickie","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000446011","article-title":"Central mechanisms of itch","volume":"50","author":"Carstens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Probl Dermatol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.04.002","article-title":"Cell type-specific dissection of sensory pathways involved in descending modulation","volume":"46","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2018.10.001","article-title":"The itch\u2013scratch cycle: a neuroimmune perspective","volume":"39","author":"Mack","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.0902a03","article-title":"The itch-scratch cycle: a review of the mechanisms","volume":"9","author":"Rinaldi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol Pract Concept"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606490","article-title":"Anti\u2013interleukin-31 receptor A antibody for atopic dermatitis","volume":"376","author":"Ruzicka","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1917006","article-title":"Trial of nemolizumab and topical agents for atopic dermatitis with pruritus","volume":"383","author":"Kabashima","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1159\/000533611","article-title":"2nd European Psychoneuroimmunology Network Autumn School: the skin-brain axis and the breaking of barriers","volume":"30","author":"Peters","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020669","article-title":"The brain\u2013skin axis in psoriasis \u2013 psychological, psychiatric, hormonal, and dermatological aspects","volume":"23","author":"Marek-Jozefowicz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2013.914","article-title":"Scalp dysesthesia related to cervical spine disease","volume":"149","author":"Thornsberry","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14808","article-title":"Scalp dysaesthesia and lichen simplex chronicus: diagnostic and therapeutic update with literature review","volume":"47","author":"Starace","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.02.013","article-title":"Hair and scalp dermatoscopy","volume":"67","author":"Miteva","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17985","article-title":"Scalp dysesthesia: a neuropathic phenomenon","volume":"36","author":"Ju","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.5114\/pdia.2017.67148","article-title":"Trichoscopy of scalp dysesthesia","volume":"3","author":"Rakowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Dermatol Allergol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S137296","article-title":"Traction alopecia: the root of the problem","volume":"11","author":"Billero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1159\/000517463","article-title":"Trichodynia revisited","volume":"7","author":"Tr\u00fceb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Skin Appendage Disord"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200005)47:5<614::AID-ANA9>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"An association between migraine and cutaneous allodynia","volume":"47","author":"Burstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sder.2011.04.006","article-title":"Neuropathic itch","volume":"30","author":"Oaklander","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin Cutan Med Surg"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001359","article-title":"2015 ISSVD, ISSWSH and IPPS consensus terminology and classification of persistent vulvar pain and vulvodynia","volume":"127","author":"Bornstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B30","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.09.033","article-title":"Prevalence of symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of vulvodynia: population-based estimates from 2 geographic regions","volume":"210","author":"Harlow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000066","article-title":"Factors associated with vulvodynia incidence","volume":"123","author":"Reed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2015.12.021","article-title":"Vulvodynia: definition, prevalence, impact, and pathophysiological factors","volume":"13","author":"Pukall","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B34","first-page":"119","article-title":"A multidisciplinary approach to a patient with vulvodynia: a successful treatment and outcome","volume":"31","author":"Novak-Hlebar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol Alp Pannonica Adriat"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2016.02.167","article-title":"2015 ISSVD, ISSWSH, and IPPS consensus terminology and classification of persistent vulvar pain and vulvodynia","volume":"13","author":"Bornstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001645","volume":"128","author":"Committee Opinion No. 673: Persistent vulvar pain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20505","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for pudendal neuralgia by pudendal nerve entrapment (Nantes criteria)","volume":"27","author":"Labat","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurourol Urodyn"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sxmr.2017.02.003","article-title":"Systematic review of the effectiveness of physical therapy modalities in women with provoked vestibulodynia","volume":"5","author":"Morin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Med Rev"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2015.11.013","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of multimodal physiotherapy treatment compared to overnight lidocaine ointment in women with provoked vestibulodynia: design and methods","volume":"46","author":"Morin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002617","article-title":"Gabapentin for the treatment of vulvodynia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"131","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15223","article-title":"A systematic review of drug treatment of vulvodynia: evidence of a strong placebo effect","volume":"125","author":"Miranda Varella Pereira","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3315\/jdcr.2011.1072","article-title":"Red scrotum syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Wollina","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Dermatol Case Rep"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.05.113","article-title":"Red scrotum syndrome: an update on clinicopathologic features, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management","volume":"87","author":"Khalil","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B44","first-page":"74","article-title":"Evaluation and management of chronic scrotal content pain \u2013 a common yet poorly understood condition","volume":"21","author":"Ziegelmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev Urol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2019.31.3.320","article-title":"Red scrotum syndrome treatment with pregabalin: a case series","volume":"31","author":"Cardenas-de la Garza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Dermatol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2017.06.021","article-title":"Carvedilol for the treatment of red scrotum syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Merhi","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2021.01.018","article-title":"Treatment of male genital dysesthesia with botulinum toxin","volume":"10","author":"Raef","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(98)70058-1","article-title":"Brachioradial pruritus: a recurrent solar dermopathy","volume":"39","author":"Wallengren","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12483","article-title":"Brachioradial pruritus: Mayo Clinic experience over the past decade","volume":"169","author":"Mirzoyev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B50","volume-title":"Brachioradial Pruritus","author":"Saleh","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.09.030","article-title":"Brachioradial pruritus is associated with a reduction in cutaneous innervation that normalizes during the symptom-free remissions","volume":"52","author":"Wallengren","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv40246","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v104.40246","article-title":"Treatment of brachioradial pruritus: a tertiary center retrospective analysis","volume":"104","author":"Mashoudy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01773-6","article-title":"Notalgia paresthetica: clinical features, radiological evaluation, and a novel therapeutic option","volume":"20","author":"M\u00fclko\u011flu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-024-00898-5","article-title":"From compression to itch: exploring the link between nerve compression and neuropathic pruritus","volume":"26","author":"Mashoudy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B55","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Cephalalgia","author":"International Classification of Orofacial Pain","year":"2020","edition":"1"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417694883","article-title":"Burning mouth syndrome","volume":"37","author":"J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S39.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2006.11.009","article-title":"Management of burning mouth syndrome: systematic review and management recommendations","volume":"103","author":"Patton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2025.01.544","article-title":"Preliminary data: topical clonazepam impact on pain in burning mouth syndrome \u2013 triple-blind randomized clinical trial","volume":"139","author":"Brant","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B59","first-page":"CD002779","article-title":"Interventions for treating burning mouth syndrome","volume":"11","author":"McMillan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e435","DOI":"10.4317\/medoral.20410","article-title":"Alpha lipoic acid efficacy in burning mouth syndrome. A controlled clinical trial","volume":"20","author":"Palacios-Sanchez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2008.00735.x","article-title":"Alpha lipoic acid in burning mouth syndrome \u2013 a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Cavalcanti","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024211036152","article-title":"A systematic review of treatment for patients with burning mouth syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0266","article-title":"Functional itch disorder or psychogenic pruritus: suggested diagnosis criteria from the French Psychodermatology Group","volume":"87","author":"Misery","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0486","article-title":"Validation of diagnosis criteria of functional itch disorder or psychogenic pruritus","volume":"88","author":"Misery","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"2026081712361800500_llag107-B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0097-7","article-title":"Psychogenic itch","volume":"8","author":"Misery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Dermatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ced\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/ced\/llag107\/67175264\/llag107.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ced\/article-pdf\/51\/9\/1575\/67175264\/llag107.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ced\/article-pdf\/51\/9\/1575\/67175264\/llag107.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T16:36:29Z","timestamp":1786984589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/ced\/article\/51\/9\/1575\/8502210"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ced\/llag107","relation":{},"ISSN":["0307-6938","1365-2230"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0307-6938","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2230","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]}}}