{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T04:42:09Z","timestamp":1792212129359,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":236,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]],"date-time":"2021-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010449","name":"Ministry of Education, Libya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010449","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epidermal melanocyte loss in vitiligo, triggered by stresses ranging from trauma to emotional stress, chemical exposure or metabolite imbalance, to the unknown, can stimulate oxidative stress in pigment cells, which secrete damage-associated molecular patterns that then initiate innate immune responses. Antigen presentation to melanocytes leads to stimulation of autoreactive T-cell responses, with further targeting of pigment cells. Studies show a pathogenic basis for cellular stress, innate immune responses and adaptive immunity in vitiligo. Improved understanding of the aetiological mechanisms in vitiligo has already resulted in successful use of the Jak inhibitors in vitiligo. In this review, we outline the current understanding of the pathological mechanisms in vitiligo and locate loci to which therapeutic attack might be directed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxab002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T18:52:50Z","timestamp":1642013570000},"page":"27-43","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Patho-immunological mechanisms of vitiligo: the role of the innate and adaptive immunities and environmental stress factors"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"207","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5211-6705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Safa","family":"Faraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0313-8916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth Helen","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6863-7011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David John","family":"Gawkrodger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection, Immunology and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022040410015298200_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2012.00997.x","article-title":"Revised classification\/nomenclature of vitiligo and related issues: the Vitiligo Global Issues Consensus Conference.","volume":"25","author":"Ezzedine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"2022040410015298200_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.8976.1","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding vitiligo","volume":"5","author":"Manga","year":"2016","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"2022040410015298200_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.14490","article-title":"Integrating neuronal involvement into the immune and genetic paradigm of vitiligo","volume":"46","author":"Al Abadie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"2022040410015298200_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0163806","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0163806","article-title":"The prevalence of vitiligo: a meta-analysis.","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022040410015298200_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(96)90112-7","article-title":"Psychologic effects of vitiligo: a critical incident analysis.","volume":"35","author":"Kent","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2022040410015298200_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962009000100006","article-title":"Vitiligo and emotions.","volume":"84","author":"Nogueira","year":"2009","journal-title":"An Bras Dermatol"},{"key":"2022040410015298200_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09077.x","article-title":"Objective vs. subjective factors in the psychological impact of vitiligo: the experience from a French referral centre.","volume":"161","author":"Kostopoulou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2022040410015298200_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-1-58","article-title":"Quality of life in patients with vitiligo.","volume":"1","author":"Parsad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"2022040410015298200_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1978.01640210075025","article-title":"Personal responses of patients to vitiligo: the importance of the patient-physician interaction.","volume":"114","author":"Porter","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"2022040410015298200_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230600998482","article-title":"The problems in sexual functions of vitiligo and chronic urticaria patients.","volume":"33","author":"Sukan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"2022040410015298200_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.11.061","article-title":"Vitiligo: a comprehensive overview Part I. 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