{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:10:53Z","timestamp":1790169053245,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although there is an ever-increasing number of disease-modifying treatments for relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS), few appear to influence coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity. There is concern about the use of anti-CD20-depleting monoclonal antibodies, due to the apparent increased risk of severe disease following severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus two (SARS-CoV-2) infection and inhibition of protective anti-COVID-19 vaccine responses. These antibodies are given as maintenance infusions\/injections and cause persistent depletion of CD20+ B cells, notably memory B-cell populations that may be instrumental in the control of relapsing MS. However, they also continuously deplete immature and mature\/na\u00efve B cells that form the precursors for infection-protective antibody responses, thus blunting vaccine responses. Seroconversion and maintained SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody levels provide protection from COVID-19. However, it is evident that poor seroconversion occurs in the majority of individuals following initial and booster COVID-19 vaccinations, based on standard 6 monthly dosing intervals. Seroconversion may be optimized in the anti-CD20-treated population by vaccinating prior to treatment onset or using extended\/delayed interval dosing (3\u20136 month extension to dosing interval) in those established on therapy, with B-cell monitoring until (1\u20133%) B-cell repopulation occurs prior to vaccination. Some people will take more than a year to replete and therefore protection may depend on either the vaccine-induced T-cell responses that typically occur or may require prophylactic, or rapid post-infection therapeutic, antibody or small-molecule antiviral treatment to optimize protection against COVID-19. Further studies are warranted to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of such approaches and whether or not immunity wanes prematurely as has been observed in the other populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxab015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T18:52:08Z","timestamp":1642013528000},"page":"263-271","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Seroconversion following COVID-19 vaccination: can we optimize protective response in CD20-treated individuals?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"207","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"MacDougall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angray S","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Dental Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9293-8893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Schmierer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"},{"name":"Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin","family":"Giovannoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"},{"name":"Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Dobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Board Medicine (Neuroscience), The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK"},{"name":"Preventive Neurology Unit, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, London, 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