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Tregs (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+) are considered to play an immunoprotective role in viral myocarditis (VMC) by controlling autoimmune effector T cells. Here, we proved that B-cell knockout can not only lead to significant reductions in Tregs in the spleen, blood, and heart of VMC mice but also decrease the activation and immune function of splenic Tregs, which was reversed by adoptive transfer of B cells; the transcription levels of TGF-\u03b2 and Foxp3 in the myocardium were also significantly reduced. B-cell depletion by anti-CD20 impaired the anti-inflammatory function of splenic Tregs and the homeostasis of myocardial Tregs population. Moreover, B cells can convert CD4+CD25\u2212 T cells into Foxp3+ and Foxp3\u2212, two functionally suppressive Treg subgroups. Although the reduction in myocardial inflammation in BKO mice indicates that B cells may play a proinflammatory role, the beneficial side of B cells cannot be ignored, that is, to control autoimmunity by maintaining Treg numbers. The results observed in the animal model of VMC highlight the potential harm of rituximab in the nonselective depletion of B cells in clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxac015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T03:40:31Z","timestamp":1644378031000},"page":"1-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The absence of B cells disrupts splenic and myocardial Treg homeostasis in coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"208","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5904-0793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 6, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, Peoples Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhihong","family":"Cen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 6, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, Peoples Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coronary Care Unit, Nanning First People\u201ds Hospital. Qixing Road 89, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, Peoples Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingwei","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of nuclear medicine, Liuzhou People\u2019s Hospital, Wenchang Road 8, Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, Peoples Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coronary Care Unit, Nanning First People\u201ds Hospital. Qixing Road 89, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, Peoples Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weifeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 6, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, Peoples Republic of China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 22, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, Peoples Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022051714555023400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0065-8","article-title":"Cardioimmunology: the immune system in cardiac homeostasis and 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