{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:37:01Z","timestamp":1790660221797,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Core Study: Immunity"},{"name":"UK Department of Health and Social Care"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UKRI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022111","name":"Huo Family Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022111","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WT109965MA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WT109965MA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Wellcome Clinical Research Training Fellowship","award":["216417\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["216417\/Z\/19\/Z"]}]},{"name":"NIHR Global Research Professorship","award":["NIHR300791"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR300791"]}]},{"name":"NIHR Academic Clinical Lecturer Programme in Oxford"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["205228\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["205228\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"US Food and Drug Administration Medical Countermeasures Initiative","award":["75F40120C00085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75F40120C00085"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018336","name":"National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Emerging and Zoonotic Infections","award":["NIHR200907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR200907"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002141","name":"Public Health England","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and the University of Oxford"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000836","name":"University of Liverpool","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000836","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 following infection and vaccination are less characterized than antibody responses, due to a more complex experimental pathway. We measured T-cell responses in 108 healthcare workers (HCWs) using the commercialized Oxford Immunotec T-SPOT Discovery SARS-CoV-2 assay service (OI T-SPOT) and the PITCH ELISpot protocol established for academic research settings. Both assays detected T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike, membrane, and nucleocapsid proteins. Responses were significantly lower when reported by OI T-SPOT than by PITCH ELISpot. Four weeks after two doses of either Pfizer\/BioNTech BNT162b or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 AZD1222 vaccine, the responder rate was 63% for OI T-SPOT Panels 1 + 2 (peptides representing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein excluding regions present in seasonal coronaviruses), 69% for OI T-SPOT Panel 14 (peptides representing the entire SARS-CoV-2 spike), and 94% for the PITCH ELISpot total spike. The two OI T-SPOT panels correlated strongly with each other showing that either readout quantifies spike-specific T-cell responses, although the correlation between the OI T-SPOT panels and the PITCH ELISpot total spike was moderate. The standardization, relative scalability, and longer interval between blood acquisition and processing are advantages of the commercial OI T-SPOT assay. However, the OI T-SPOT assay measures T-cell responses at a significantly lower magnitude compared to the PITCH ELISpot assay, detecting T-cell responses in a lower proportion of vaccinees. This has implications for the reporting of low-level T-cell responses that may be observed in patient populations and for the assessment of T-cell durability after vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxac042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T17:15:00Z","timestamp":1651857300000},"page":"90-98","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comparison of two T-cell assays to evaluate T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 following vaccination in na\u00efve and convalescent healthcare workers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"209","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5641-6369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eloise","family":"Phillips","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Adele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Malone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Deeks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK"},{"name":"Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizzie","family":"Stafford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan L","family":"Dobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Amini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford , UK"},{"name":"Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donal","family":"Skelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford , UK"},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Eyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford , UK"},{"name":"Big Data Institute, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Jeffery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford , UK"},{"name":"Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher P","family":"Conlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford , UK"},{"name":"Oxford Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Dold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK"},{"name":"NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8317-9194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Otter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency , Porton Down , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"D\u2019Arcangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Health Security Agency , Porton Down , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0778-1693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lance","family":"Turtle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool , UK"},{"name":"Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool , UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"PITCH Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Chalk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of 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