{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T11:23:50Z","timestamp":1762341830085,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fogarty International Center Global Infectious Diseases","award":["D43TW009127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW009127"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016237","name":"Armauer Hansen Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016237","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004441","name":"SIDA","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004441","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007843","name":"NORAD","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite recent improvements in microbial detection, smear-negative TB remains a diagnostic challenge. In this study, we investigated the potential discriminatory role of polychromatic flow cytometry of M. tuberculosis antigen-specific T cells to discriminate smear-negative TB from health controls with or without latent TB infection, and non-TB respiratory illnesses in an endemic setting. A cross-sectional study was conducted on HIV negative, newly diagnosed smear-positive PTB (n = 34), smear-negative\/GeneXpert negative PTB (n = 29) patients, non-TB patients with respiratory illness (n = 33) and apparently healthy latent TB infected (n = 30) or non-infected (n = 23) individuals. The expression of activation (HLA-DR, CD-38), proliferation (Ki-67), and functional (IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1) T-cell markers using polychromatic flow cytometry was defined after stimulation with PPD antigens. Sputum samples were collected and processed from all patients for Mtb detection using a concentrated microscopy, LJ\/MGIT culture, and RD9 typing by PCR. Our study showed CD4 T cells specific for PPD co-expressed activation\/proliferation markers together with induced cytokines IFN-\u03b3 or TNF-\u03b1 were present at substantially higher levels among patients with smear-positive and smear-negative pulmonary TB than among healthy controls and to a lesser extent among patients with non-TB illness. Our study conclude that smear-negative TB can be distinguished from non-TB respiratory illness and healthy controls with a flow cytometric assay for PPD-specific T cells co-expressing activation\/proliferation markers and cytokines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxac049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T17:16:12Z","timestamp":1652375772000},"page":"99-108","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i>antigen-specific T-cell responses in smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis patients"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"209","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0310-0280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Esmael","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University , Debre Markos, Amhara Regional State , Ethiopia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and 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