{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T03:29:43Z","timestamp":1786591783167,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005036","name":"University of Bergen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005036","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Laboratory Medicine and Pathology"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010586","name":"Haukeland University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the destruction of exocrine glands. We have previously shown significantly upregulated levels of CXCL10 and CCL3 chemokines in saliva from Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome patients. In this study, we examined the expression pattern and localization of these chemokines at the site of inflammation in patients\u2019 minor salivary glands using novel RNAscope\u00ae in situ hybridization. Minor salivary glands from 33 primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome patients and 22 non-Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (non-SS) sicca controls were included. The biopsies were formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, and histopathologically evaluated. The CXCL10 and CCL3 mRNA expression in the glandular tissue was investigated using reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction followed by an RNAscope\u00ae in situ hybridization. The mRNA expression of CXCL10 was higher than CCL3 in all patients. Significantly elevated expression of CXCL10 and CCL3 was detected in patients that also expressed autoantibody positivity and a positive biopsy for mononuclear cell infiltrates when compared with non-SS sicca controls. CXCL10 was localized as clusters within focal infiltrates as well as adjacent to acinar and ductal epithelium, while CCL3 was expressed as scattered single mRNA molecules in focal infiltrates and in acinar cells. Our findings suggest CXCL10 as a possible disease biomarker in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome due to its upregulated expression in both saliva and minor salivary glands of patients and the localization in the tissue. This should be re-assessed in a larger primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome patient cohort, followed by additional functional studies to further validate its potential as a disease biomarker.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxae087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T17:51:22Z","timestamp":1729619482000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Increased expression of CXCL10 and CCL3 salivary gland chemokines in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome detected and systematically quantified using RNAscope\u00ae<i>in situ<\/i> hybridization"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"219","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2059-7953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanne","family":"Borge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen , Bergen ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0090-349X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid Beate","family":"Ringstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara A","family":"Aqrawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kristiania University College Department of Health Sciences, , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siren","family":"Fromreide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen , Bergen ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harsh Nitin","family":"Dongre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen , Bergen ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilde Kanli","family":"Galtung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Biology, University of Oslo ,\u00a0 Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4276-9611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janicke Liaaen","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrine","family":"Skarstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen , Bergen ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Haukeland University Hospital Department of Pathology, , Bergen ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025041017101989100_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2011.06.007","article-title":"The complexity of Sjogren\u2019s syndrome: novel aspects on pathogenesis","volume":"141","author":"Jonsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"2025041017101989100_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43714-5","article-title":"Elevated cytokine levels in tears and saliva of patients with primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome correlate with clinical ocular and oral manifestations","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025041017101989100_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210448","article-title":"Standardisation of labial salivary gland histopathology in clinical trials in primary Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"76","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2025041017101989100_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780360309","article-title":"Preliminary criteria for the classification of Sjogren\u2019s syndrome. 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