{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:33:04Z","timestamp":1759969984823,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science","award":["PID2023-148270OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2023-148270OB-I00"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014180","name":"Junta de Castilla y Le\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRS 2232\/A\/2020","IR2020-1-UVA01","IR2021-UVA04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRS 2232\/A\/2020","IR2020-1-UVA01","IR2021-UVA04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014180","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CSIC\u00b4s Global Health Platform"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Although celiac disease (CD) current and only treatment is a life-long strict gluten-free diet (GFD), some patients suffer from persistent duodenal lesions despite years into the diet. Hence, we aimed to study the effect that the GFD elicits on the mucosal immune infiltrate from these patients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To that end, duodenal biopsies were collected from non-celiac controls and CD patients, both at diagnosis and after at least one year into the GFD. The profile of duodenal intraepithelial lymphocytes (lymphogram) and the lamina propria immune infiltrate were determined by spectral cytometry.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>At diagnosis, all CD patients had mucosal atrophy, a compatible lymphogram, and an expansion of lamina propria NK cells, innate lymphoid cells, B-cells, Treg and T\u03b3\u03b4 cells, all of them expressing high levels of Fas, and Integrins \u03b14 and \u03b27. However, despite all GFD-treated patients had negative serology, 68.4% of them displayed persistent villous atrophy (Marsh score\u2005\u2265\u20053), while 73.3% had a compatible lymphogram. Nevertheless, despite such persistent atrophy, the lamina propria mucosal immune infiltrate was normalized in all GFD-treated patients. Besides, time on the GFD, but not the persistence of mucosal atrophy, correlated with an increased expression of gut-homing migration markers on lamina propria effector T-cells from these patients.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Hence, we hereby have proved how the lamina propria immune infiltrate, as opposed to intraepithelial lymphocytes, is normalized in GFD-treated CD patients despite persistent villous atrophy, suggesting that the epithelial layer may be the driver of such paradoxical persistent mucosal inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxaf058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T08:21:46Z","timestamp":1757406106000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Restoration of the lamina propria duodenal immune infiltrate in gluten-free diet treated celiac patients despite persistent villous atrophy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"219","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2052-7996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida","family":"Fiz-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Lab, Instituto Biomedicina y Gen\u00e9tica Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC ), Valladolid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"De Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Lab, Instituto Biomedicina y Gen\u00e9tica Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC ), Valladolid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Arribas-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Lab, Instituto Biomedicina y Gen\u00e9tica Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC ), Valladolid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"G. del Hierro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Lab, Instituto Biomedicina y Gen\u00e9tica Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC ), Valladolid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"G. de Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Lab, Instituto Biomedicina y Gen\u00e9tica Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC ), Valladolid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Izquierdo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Gastroenterolog\u00eda, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario , Valladolid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Mart\u00edn-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cytometry Unit, Instituto Biomedicina y Gen\u00e9tica Molecular (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC) . Valladolid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Corrales-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Anatom\u00eda Patol\u00f3gica, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario , Valladolid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Cuesta- Sancho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Lab, Department of Paediatrics and Immunology, Universidad de Valladolid , Valladolid ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 A","family":"Garrote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mucosal Immunology Lab, Instituto Biomedicina y Gen\u00e9tica Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC ), Valladolid ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Servicio de An\u00e1lisis Cl\u00ednicos, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega , Valladolid 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