{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:44:24Z","timestamp":1787499864635,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":182,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cytokine storm syndrome is a life-threatening hyperinflammatory condition characterized by excessive and dysregulated immune activation, leading to multiorgan dysfunction and poor clinical outcomes if not promptly recognized and adequately treated. Rather than representing a single disease entity, cytokine storm syndrome is increasingly understood as a final common pathogenic pathway shared by a broad spectrum of clinical conditions converging on overlapping immunopathological mechanisms driven by sustained cytokine production, immune-cell hyperactivation, and failure of immune-regulatory pathways. The clinical presentation of cytokine storm syndrome is characterized by a rapidly progressive nature, multisystem involvement, and the diagnostic challenges arising from nonspecific symptoms and overlapping laboratory features. Hyperferritinaemia emerges as a central laboratory hallmark with both diagnostic and potential pathogenic relevance. Therapeutic management of cytokine storm syndrome requires early recognition and is guided by three core principles: supportive care for organ dysfunction, control of underlying triggers, and timely immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive interventions. Overall, cytokine storm syndrome represents a complex and heterogeneous clinical syndrome in which improved mechanistic understanding, biomarker development, and tailored therapeutic strategies are essential to optimize patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxag039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T16:17:58Z","timestamp":1782922678000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The many faces of cytokine storm syndrome: immunopathogenic mechanisms and clinical implications for a better patient management"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"220","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3487-8551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piero","family":"Ruscitti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila , L'Aquila 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