{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:35:48Z","timestamp":1772138148681,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/P033199\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/P033199\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["088130\/Z\/09\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["088130\/Z\/09\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["083660\/Z\/07\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["083660\/Z\/07\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Two important theories in cognitive neuroscience are predictive coding (PC) and the global workspace (GW) theory. A key research task is to understand how these two theories relate to one another, and particularly, how the brain transitions from a predictive early state to the eventual engagement of a brain-scale state (the GW). To address this question, we present a source-localization of EEG responses evoked by the local-global task\u2014an experimental paradigm that engages a predictive hierarchy, which encompasses the GW. The results of our source reconstruction suggest three phases of processing. The first phase involves the sensory (here auditory) regions of the superior temporal lobe and predicts sensory regularities over a short timeframe (as per the local effect). The third phase is brain-scale, involving inferior frontal, as well as inferior and superior parietal regions, consistent with a global neuronal workspace (GNW; as per the global effect). Crucially, our analysis suggests that there is an intermediate (second) phase, involving modulatory interactions between inferior frontal and superior temporal regions. Furthermore, sedation with propofol reduces modulatory interactions in the second phase. This selective effect is consistent with a PC explanation of sedation, with propofol acting on descending predictions of the precision of prediction errors; thereby constraining access to the GNW.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T07:08:35Z","timestamp":1587712115000},"page":"5204-5217","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Sedation Modulates Frontotemporal Predictive Coding Circuits and the Double Surprise Acceleration Effect"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Adrien","family":"Witon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, University of Kent, Kent CT2 7NF, UK"},{"name":"Center for Neuroprosthetics, EPFL, Sion 1951, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amirali","family":"Shirazibehehsti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, University of Kent, Kent CT2 7NF, UK"},{"name":"East Kent Hospitals University NHS Foundation Trust, Kent & Canterbury Hospital, Canterbury CT1 3NG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Cooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Aviles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ram","family":"Adapa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anaesthesia, Box 97, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David K","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anaesthesia, Box 97, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Srivas","family":"Chennu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, University of Kent, Kent CT2 7NF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tristan","family":"Bekinschtein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose David","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Engineering program, Universidad de Antioquia, Ciudad Universitaria, Medell\u00edn 1226, Colombia"},{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Litvak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, University of Kent, Kent CT2 7NF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Friston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Bowman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, University of Kent, Kent CT2 7NF, UK"},{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aep143","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic models for propofol\u2014defining and illuminating the devil in the detail","volume":"103","author":"Absalom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"issue":"2935","key":"2020090405323276500_ref2","first-page":"49","article-title":"Neural correlates of successful semantic processing during propofol sedation","volume":"35","author":"Adapa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4273","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu323","article-title":"Attentional enhancement of auditory mismatch responses: a DCM\/MEG study","volume":"25","author":"Auksztulewicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1109\/10.568913","article-title":"A bayesian approach to introducing anatomo-functional priors in the EEG\/MEG inverse problem","volume":"44","author":"Baillet","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng."},{"issue":"385","key":"2020090405323276500_ref5","first-page":"91","article-title":"Factoring the brain signatures of anesthesia concentration and level of arousal across individuals","volume":"9","author":"Barttfeld","year":"2015","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809667106","article-title":"Neural signature of the conscious processing of auditory regularities","volume":"106","author":"Bekinschtein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7082","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3769-11.2012","article-title":"Connectivity changes underlying spectral EEG changes during propofol-induced loss of consciousness","volume":"32","author":"Boly","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12682","article-title":"Data-driven region-of-interest selection without inflating type I error rate","volume":"54","author":"Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychophysiology."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.10.004","article-title":"Large-scale cortical networks for hierarchical prediction and prediction error in the primate brain","volume":"100","author":"Chao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11194","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0114-13.2013","article-title":"Expectation and attention in hierarchical auditory prediction","volume":"33","author":"Chennu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8305","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1125-16.2016","article-title":"Silent expectations: dynamic causal modeling of cortical prediction and attention to sounds that weren't","volume":"36","author":"Chennu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004669","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004669","article-title":"Brain connectivity dissociates responsiveness from drug exposure during propofol-induced transitions of consciousness","volume":"12","author":"Chennu","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS Comput Biol."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14529","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.24.14529","article-title":"A neuronal model of a global workspace in effortful cognitive tasks","volume":"95","author":"Dehaene","year":"1998","journal-title":"PNAS."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2006.03.007","article-title":"Conscious, preconscious, and subliminal processing: a testable taxonomy","volume":"5","author":"Dehaene","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.03.018","article-title":"Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing","volume":"2","author":"Dehaene","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00699","article-title":"Active inference, evidence accumulation, and the urn task","volume":"27","author":"FitzGerald","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Comput."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23839","article-title":"Analysis of family-wise error rates in statistical parametric mapping using random field theory","volume":"40","author":"Flandin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2787","article-title":"The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory?","volume":"11","author":"Friston","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2006.10.001","article-title":"A free energy principle for the brain. Theoretical and computational neuroscience: understanding brain functions","volume":"100","author":"Friston","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Physiol-Paris"},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.08.035","article-title":"Variational free energy and the Laplace approximation","volume":"34","author":"Friston","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.09.048","article-title":"Multiple sparse priors for the M\/EEG inverse problem","volume":"39","author":"Friston","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71370","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071370","article-title":"Changes in effective connectivity by Propofol sedation","volume":"8","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9926","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009926","article-title":"Predictive coding or evidence accumulation? False inference and neuronal fluctuations","volume":"5","author":"Hesselmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140169","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0169","article-title":"Cerebral hierarchies: predictive processing, precision and the pulvinar","volume":"370","author":"Kanai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phil Trans R Soc B."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85791","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085791","article-title":"Two distinct dynamic modes subtend the detection of unexpected sounds","volume":"9","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.06.022","article-title":"Electromagnetic source reconstruction for group studies","volume":"42","author":"Litvak","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.09.002","article-title":"Algorithmic procedures for Bayesian MEEG source reconstruction in SPM","volume":"84","author":"L\u00f3pez","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/67.1.41","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic model driven infusion of propofol in children","volume":"67","author":"Marsh","year":"1991","journal-title":"BJA: Br J Anaesth."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.04.026","article-title":"The mismatch negativity (MMN) in basic research of central auditory processing: a review","volume":"118","author":"Naatanen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8441","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0967-18.2018","article-title":"Auditory predictive coding across awareness states under anesthesia: an intracranial electrophysiology study","volume":"38","author":"Nourski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14678","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15249-0","article-title":"Working memory, attention, and salience in active inference","volume":"7","author":"Parr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012372560-8\/50028-0","volume-title":"Forward models for EEG. Statistical parametric mapping","author":"Phillips","year":"2007"},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9255","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5095-14.2015","article-title":"Hierarchical organization of frontotemporal networks for the prediction of stimuli across multiple dimensions","volume":"35","author":"Phillips","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.05.001","article-title":"Convergent evidence for hierarchical prediction networks from human electrocorticography and magnetoencephalography","volume":"82","author":"Phillips","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cortex."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.04.019","article-title":"Updating P300: an integrative theory of P3a and P3b","volume":"118","author":"Polich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref41","volume-title":"In: Statistical parametric mapping: the analysis of functional brain images","author":"Penny","year":"2011"},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/4580","article-title":"Predictive coding in the visual cortex: a functional interpretation of some extra-classical receptive-field effects","volume":"2","author":"Rao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.04.020","article-title":"Brain functional integration decreases during propofol-induced loss of consciousness","volume":"57","author":"Schrouff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2018.06.010","article-title":"Placing meta-stable states of consciousness within the predictive coding hierarchy: the deceleration of the accelerated prediction error","volume":"63","author":"Shirazibeheshti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Conscious Cogn."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14224","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014224","article-title":"Changes in resting neural connectivity during Propofol sedation","volume":"5","author":"Stamatakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3165-13.2014","article-title":"A hierarchy of responses to auditory regularities in the macaque brain","volume":"34","author":"Uhrig","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.08.004","article-title":"Cerebral responses to local and global auditory novelty under general anesthesia","volume":"141","author":"Uhrig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20754","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117807108","article-title":"Evidence for a hierarchy of predictions and prediction errors in human cortex","volume":"108","author":"Wacongne","year":"2011","journal-title":"PNAS."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3665","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5003-11.2012","article-title":"A neuronal model of predictive coding accounting for the mismatch negativity","volume":"32","author":"Wacongne","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci."},{"key":"2020090405323276500_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R483","DOI":"10.1186\/cc2984","article-title":"The effect of interruption to propofol sedation on auditory event-related potentials and electroencephalogram in intensive care patients","volume":"8","author":"Ypp\u00e4ril\u00e4","year":"2004","journal-title":"Crit Care"}],"container-title":["Cerebral Cortex"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/30\/10\/5204\/33713645\/bhaa071.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/30\/10\/5204\/33713645\/bhaa071.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T05:33:16Z","timestamp":1599197596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article\/30\/10\/5204\/5840465"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa071","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2020.02.21.959171","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1047-3211","1460-2199"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-3211","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2199","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]}}}