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It remains unknown, however, whether these symptoms are mediated by the same or distinct neural mechanisms as in idiopathic ASD. Here, we examined differences in lGI associated with ASD in 50 individuals with 22q11.2DS (n\u2009=\u200925 with ASD, n\u2009=\u200925 without ASD) and 81 individuals without 22q11.2DS (n\u2009=\u200940 with ASD, n\u2009=\u200941 typically developing controls). We initially utilized a factorial design to identify the set of brain regions where lGI is associated with the main effect of 22q11.2DS, ASD, and with the 22q11.2DS-by-ASD interaction term. Subsequently, we employed canonical correlation analysis (CCA) to compare the multivariate association between variability in lGI and the complex clinical phenotype of ASD between 22q11.2DS carriers and noncarriers. Across approaches, we established that even though there is a high degree of clinical similarity across groups, the associated patterns of lGI significantly differed between carriers and noncarriers of the 22q11.2 microdeletion. Our results suggest that ASD symptomatology recruits different neuroanatomical underpinnings across disorders and that 22q11.2DS individuals with ASD represent a neuroanatomically distinct subgroup that differs from 22q11.2DS individuals without ASD and from individuals with idiopathic ASD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]],"date-time":"2020-04-08T11:09:39Z","timestamp":1586344179000},"page":"5281-5292","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Patterns of Cortical Folding Associated with Autistic Symptoms in Carriers and Noncarriers of the 22q11.2 Microdeletion"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0464-2065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Gudbrandsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany"},{"name":"Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6857-4065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anke","family":"Bletsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany"},{"name":"Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eileen","family":"Daly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clodagh M","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College, London, UK"},{"name":"Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism and ADHD Services, Behavioural and Developmental Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation, NHS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimira","family":"Stoencheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College, London, UK"},{"name":"Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism and ADHD Services, Behavioural and Developmental Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation, NHS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte E","family":"Blackmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College, London, UK"},{"name":"Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism and ADHD Services, Behavioural and Developmental Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation, NHS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Rogdaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College, London, UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College, London, UK"},{"name":"Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Kushan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and Department of Psychology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carrie E","family":"Bearden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and Department of Psychology, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Declan G M","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College, London, UK"},{"name":"Behavioural Genetics Clinic, Adult Autism and ADHD Services, Behavioural and Developmental Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley Foundation, NHS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael C","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College, London, UK"},{"name":"National Autism Unit, Bethlem Royal Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Ecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College, London, UK"},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany"},{"name":"Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020090405323063900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0308-6","article-title":"Autistic Spectrum disorders in Velo-cardio facial syndrome (22q11.2 deletion)","volume":"37","author":"Antshel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord."},{"key":"2020090405323063900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159928","article-title":"Cortical morphology differences in subjects at increased vulnerability for developing a psychotic disorder: a comparison between subjects with ultra-high risk and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Bakker","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"2020090405323063900_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn064","article-title":"Alterations in midline 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results from the international Consortium on brain and behavior in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome","volume":"171","author":"Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"2020090405323063900_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.09.012","article-title":"Converging levels of analysis on a genomic hotspot for psychosis: insights from 22q11.2 deletion syndrome","volume":"68","author":"Schreiner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology."},{"key":"2020090405323063900_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.03.032","article-title":"A hybrid approach to the skull stripping problem in MRI","volume":"22","author":"S\u00e9gonne","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2020090405323063900_ref48","volume-title":"Statistical 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