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However, it remains unknown how such injuries affect postnatal cortical folding and structural covariance networks, which indicate functional parcellation and reciprocal brain connectivity. Studying 229 magnetic resonance scans from 158 preterm neonates (n\u2009=\u2009158, mean age\u2009=\u200928.2), we found that severe injuries including intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, and ventriculomegaly lead to significantly reduced cortical folding and increased covariance (hyper-covariance) in only the early (&amp;lt;31\u00a0weeks) but not middle (31\u201335\u00a0weeks) or late stage (&amp;gt;35\u00a0weeks) of the third trimester. The aberrant hyper-covariance may drive acceleration of cortical folding as a compensatory mechanism to \u201ccatch-up\u201d with normal development. By 40\u00a0weeks, preterm neonates with\/without severe brain injuries exhibited no difference in cortical folding and covariance compared with healthy term neonates. However, graph theory-based analysis showed that even after recovery, severely injured brains exhibit a more segregated, less integrated, and overall inefficient network system with reduced integration strength in the dorsal attention, frontoparietal, limbic, and visual network systems. Ultimately, severe perinatal injuries cause network-level deviations that persist until the late stage of the third trimester and may contribute to neurofunctional impairment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T11:15:04Z","timestamp":1592478904000},"page":"6238-6253","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Disruption and Compensation of Sulcation-based Covariance Networks in Neonatal Brain Growth after Perinatal Injury"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4494-6418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon Y","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuro Imaging at USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2025 Zonal Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90033, 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James","family":"Barkovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1 Irving St., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, 1 Irving St., San Francisco, CA 94143, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hosung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuro Imaging at USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, 2025 Zonal Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90033, 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