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Advanced analysis of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to find brain abnormalities and their relationship to neurocognitive impairments in children and adolescents with DS. Because genetic factors affect brain development in early fetal life, there is a growing interest in analyzing brains from living fetuses with DS. In this study, we investigated regional sulcal folding depth as well as global cortical gyrification from fetal brain MRIs. Nine fetuses with DS (29.1\u2009\u00b1\u20094.24 gestational weeks [mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviation]) were compared with 17 typically developing [TD] fetuses (28.4\u2009\u00b1\u20093.44). Fetuses with DS showed lower whole-brain average sulcal depths and gyrification index than TD fetuses. Significant decreases in sulcal depth were found in bilateral Sylvian fissures and right central and parieto-occipital sulci. On the other hand, significantly increased sulcal depth was shown in the left superior temporal sulcus, which is related to atypical hemispheric asymmetry of cortical folding. Moreover, these group differences increased as gestation progressed. This study demonstrates that regional sulcal depth is a sensitive marker for detecting alterations of cortical development in DS during fetal life, which may be associated with later neurocognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,24]],"date-time":"2020-08-24T15:26:52Z","timestamp":1598282812000},"page":"757-767","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Regional Alterations in Cortical Sulcal Depth in Living Fetuses with Down Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9876-314X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyuk Jin","family":"Yun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan David Ruiz","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J Alejandro","family":"Vald\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetal Neonatal Neuroimaging and Developmental Science Center, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neel","family":"Madan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rie","family":"Kitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shizuko","family":"Akiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian G","family":"Skotko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Down Syndrome Program, Genetics, Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry A","family":"Feldman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana W","family":"Bianchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prenatal Genomics and Fetal Therapy Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P Ellen","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetal 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