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However, the involvement of frontal cortex in the top\u2013down control of attention directed to the external versus internal environment remains poorly understood. To address this, we recorded intracranial electrocorticography while subjects directed their attention externally to tones and responded to infrequent target tones, or internally to their own thoughts while ignoring the tones. Our analyses focused on frontal and temporal cortices. We first computed the target effect, as indexed by the difference in high frequency activity (70\u2013150\u00a0Hz) between target and standard tones. Importantly, we then compared the target effect between external and internal attention, reflecting a top\u2013down attentional effect elicited by task demands, in each region of interest. Both frontal and temporal cortices showed target effects during external and internal attention, suggesting this effect is present irrespective of attention states. However, only the frontal cortex showed an enhanced target effect during external relative to internal attention. These findings provide electrophysiological evidence for top\u2013down attentional modulation in the lateral frontal cortex, revealing preferential engagement with external attention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,8]],"date-time":"2020-09-08T11:10:20Z","timestamp":1599563420000},"page":"873-883","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Top\u2013Down Attentional Modulation in Human Frontal Cortex: Differential Engagement during External and Internal Attention"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Julia W Y","family":"Kam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 1N4, Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary AB T2N 4N1, Canada"},{"name":"Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California \u2013 Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, 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