{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T05:51:53Z","timestamp":1777441913266,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]],"date-time":"2020-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH051234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH051234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Visuospatial working memory (vsWM) requires information transfer among multiple cortical regions, from primary visual (V1) to prefrontal (PFC) cortices. This information is conveyed via layer 3 glutamatergic neurons whose activity is regulated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons. In layer 3 of adult human neocortex, molecular markers of glutamate neurotransmission were lowest in V1 and highest in PFC, whereas GABA markers had the reverse pattern. Here, we asked if these opposite V1\u2013visual association cortex (V2)\u2013posterior parietal cortex (PPC)\u2013PFC gradients across the vsWM network are present in layer 3 of monkey neocortex, when they are established during postnatal development, and if they are specific to this layer. We quantified transcript levels of glutamate and GABA markers in layers 3 and 6 of four vsWM cortical regions in a postnatal developmental series of 30 macaque monkeys. In adult monkeys, glutamate transcript levels in layer 3 increased across V1\u2013V2\u2013PPC\u2013PFC regions, whereas GABA transcripts showed the opposite V1\u2013V2\u2013PPC\u2013PFC gradient. Glutamate transcripts established adult-like expression patterns earlier during postnatal development than GABA transcripts. These V1\u2013V2\u2013PPC\u2013PFC gradients and developmental patterns were less evident in layer 6. These findings demonstrate that expression of glutamate and GABA transcripts differs across cortical regions and layers during postnatal development, revealing potential molecular substrates for vsWM functional maturation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T19:11:29Z","timestamp":1603480289000},"page":"2026-2037","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Postnatal Development of Glutamate and GABA Transcript Expression in Monkey Visual, Parietal, and Prefrontal Cortices"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Gil D","family":"Hoftman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H Holly","family":"Bazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J","family":"Ciesielski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liban A","family":"Dinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kehui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3225-6778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021070118431660200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950160008002","article-title":"Gene expression for glutamic acid decarboxylase is reduced without loss of neurons in prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics","volume":"52","author":"Akbarian","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021070118431660200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16710-x","article-title":"The transcriptional landscape of cortical interneurons underlies in-vivo brain function and schizophrenia risk","volume":"11","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat 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