{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T02:36:40Z","timestamp":1788057400523,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL116585\u201301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL116585\u201301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institute of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MOP-81116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP-81116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent advances in brain imaging have enabled non-invasive in vivo assessment of the fetal brain. Characterizing brain development in healthy fetuses provides baseline measures for identifying deviations in brain function in high-risk clinical groups. We examined 110 resting state MRI data sets from fetuses at 19 to 40\u00a0weeks\u2019 gestation. Using graph-theoretic techniques, we characterized global organizational features of the fetal functional connectome and their prenatal trajectories. Topological features related to network integration (i.e., global efficiency) and segregation (i.e., clustering) were assessed. Fetal networks exhibited small-world topology, showing high clustering and short average path length relative to reference networks. Likewise, fetal networks\u2019 quantitative small world indices met criteria for small-worldness (\u03c3\u2009&amp;gt;\u20091, \u03c9\u2009=\u2009[\u22120.5 0.5]). Along with this, fetal networks demonstrated global and local efficiency, economy, and modularity. A right-tailed degree distribution, suggesting the presence of central areas that are more highly connected to other regions, was also observed. Metrics, however, were not static during gestation; measures associated with segregation\u2014local efficiency and modularity\u2014decreased with advancing gestational age. Altogether, these suggest that the neural circuitry underpinning the brain\u2019s ability to segregate and integrate information exists as early as the late 2nd trimester of pregnancy and reorganizes during the prenatal period.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Significance statement.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Mounting evidence for the fetal origins of some neurodevelopmental disorders underscores the importance of identifying features of healthy fetal brain functional development. Alterations in prenatal brain connectomics may serve as early markers for identifying fetal-onset neurodevelopmental disorders, which in turn provide improved surveillance of at-risk fetuses and support the initiation of early interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,30]],"date-time":"2020-12-30T20:14:33Z","timestamp":1609359273000},"page":"3034-3046","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Global Network Organization of the Fetal Functional Connectome"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Josepheen","family":"De Asis-Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Developing Brain Institute, Children's National, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC 20010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developing Brain Institute, Children's National, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC 20010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kushal","family":"Kapse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developing Brain Institute, Children's National, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC 20010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhineshvikram","family":"Khrisnamurthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developing Brain Institute, Children's National, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC 20010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Quistorff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developing Brain Institute, Children's National, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC 20010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developing Brain Institute, Children's National, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC 20010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilbert","family":"Vezina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC 20010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1735-0069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Limperopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Developing Brain Institute, Children's National, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington DC 20010"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021051007474899400_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.0030017","article-title":"Efficiency and cost of economical brain functional networks","volume":"3","author":"Achard","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"2021051007474899400_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3874-05.2006","article-title":"A resilient, low-frequency, small-world human brain functional network with highly connected association cortical hubs","volume":"26","author":"Achard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2021051007474899400_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.06.013","article-title":"The fetal origins of mental illness","volume":"221","author":"Al-Haddad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2021051007474899400_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11149","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.200327197","article-title":"Classes of small-world networks","volume":"97","author":"Amaral","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2021051007474899400_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2010.02.002","article-title":"Electroencephalography in premature and full-term infants. 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