{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T08:04:14Z","timestamp":1789718654233,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 NS078337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS078337"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 NS100952"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 NS100952"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HD090641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HD090641"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"German Academic Exchange Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005722","name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005722","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Younger age at first exposure (AFE) to repetitive head impacts while playing American football increases the risk for later-life neuropsychological symptoms and brain alterations. However, it is not known whether AFE is associated with cortical thickness in American football players. Sixty-three former professional National Football League players (55.5\u2009\u00b1\u20097.7\u00a0years) with cognitive, behavioral, and mood symptoms underwent neuroimaging and neuropsychological testing. First, the association between cortical thickness and AFE was tested. Second, the relationship between clusters of decreased cortical thickness and verbal and visual memory, and composite measures of mood\/behavior and attention\/psychomotor speed was assessed. AFE was positively correlated with cortical thickness in the right superior frontal cortex (cluster-wise P value [CWP]\u2009=\u20090.0006), the left parietal cortex (CWP\u2009=\u20090.0003), and the occipital cortices (right: CWP\u2009=\u20090.0023; left: CWP\u2009=\u20090.0008). A positive correlation was found between cortical thickness of the right superior frontal cortex and verbal memory (R\u2009=\u20090.333, P\u2009=\u20090.019), and the right occipital cortex and visual memory (R\u2009=\u20090.360, P\u2009=\u20090.012). In conclusion, our results suggest an association between younger AFE and decreased cortical thickness, which in turn is associated with worse neuropsychological performance. Furthermore, an association between younger AFE and signs of neurodegeneration later in life in symptomatic former American football players seems likely.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T20:11:19Z","timestamp":1611691879000},"page":"3426-3434","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Age at First Exposure to Tackle Football is Associated with Cortical Thickness in Former Professional American Football Players"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t, 80337 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico","family":"Sollmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t, 80337 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81675 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"TUM-Neuroimaging Center, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 81675 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Kaufmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t, 80337 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosanna","family":"Veggeberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yorghos","family":"Tripodis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA"},{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Center and Boston University CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawel P","family":"Wrobel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t, 80337 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janna","family":"Kochsiek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t, 80337 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett M","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Coordinating Center, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander P","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L","family":"Alosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Center and Boston University CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ofer","family":"Pasternak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Bouix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Center and Boston University CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha E","family":"Shenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton Division, Brockton, MA 02301, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inga K","family":"Koerte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t, 80337 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t, 82152 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000391","article-title":"MRI evidence of neuropathic changes in former college football players","volume":"28","author":"Adler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4536","article-title":"Olfactory function and associated clinical correlates in former National Football League players","volume":"34","author":"Alosco","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1236","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.197","article-title":"Age of first exposure to American football and long-term neuropsychiatric and cognitive outcomes","volume":"7","author":"Alosco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25245","article-title":"Age of first exposure to tackle football and chronic traumatic encephalopathy","volume":"83","author":"Alosco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2019.03.016","article-title":"Youth exposure to repetitive head impacts from tackle football and long-term neurologic outcomes: a review of the literature, knowledge gaps and future directions, and societal and clinical implications","volume":"30","author":"Alosco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(98)00015-9","article-title":"Cortical regions involved in visual texture perception: a fMRI study","volume":"7","author":"Beason-Held","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cogn Brain Res"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6703_13","article-title":"Comparison of Beck depression inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients","volume":"67","author":"Beck","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1037\/h0037562","article-title":"The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale","volume":"42","author":"Beck","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref9","volume-title":"Multilingual Aphasia Examination","author":"Benton","year":"1989"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.50.5.607","article-title":"Lingual and fusiform gyri in visual processing: a clinico-pathologic study of superior altitudinal hemianopia","volume":"50","author":"Bogousslavsky","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl244","article-title":"Functions of the left superior frontal gyrus in humans: a lesion study","volume":"129","author":"Du Boisgueheneuc","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.07.002","article-title":"Neuroanatomical assessment of biological maturity","volume":"22","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2019.1665501","article-title":"The effect of age of first exposure to competitive fighting on cognitive and other neuropsychiatric symptoms and brain volume","volume":"32","author":"Bryant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01069-x","article-title":"Estimated age of first exposure to American football and neurocognitive performance amongst NCAA male student-athletes: a cohort study","volume":"49","author":"Caccese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.02.002","article-title":"Treatment with direct-current stimulation against cingulate seizure-like activity induced by 4-aminopyridine and bicuculline in an in vitro mouse model","volume":"265","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546512444554","article-title":"The role of age and sex in symptoms, neurocognitive performance, and postural stability in athletes after concussion","volume":"40","author":"Covassin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0395","article-title":"Cortical surface-based analysis: I. Segmentation and surface reconstruction","volume":"9","author":"Dale","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref18","volume-title":"Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS)","author":"Delis","year":"2001"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn113","article-title":"The cortical signature of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: regionally specific cortical thinning relates to symptom severity in very mild to mild AD dementia and is detectable in asymptomatic amyloid-positive individuals","volume":"19","author":"Dickerson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.09.058","article-title":"Prediction of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in subjects with mild cognitive impairment from the ADNI cohort using patterns of cortical thinning","volume":"65","author":"Eskildsen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2003.190","article-title":"Does age play a role in recovery from sports-related concussion? A comparison of high school and collegiate athletes","volume":"142","author":"Field","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021","article-title":"FreeSurfer","volume":"62","author":"Fischl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.200033797","article-title":"Measuring the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance images","volume":"97","author":"Fischl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0396","article-title":"Cortical surface-based analysis: II. Inflation, flattening, and a surface-based coordinate system","volume":"9","author":"Fischl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn232","article-title":"High consistency of regional cortical thinning in aging across multiple samples","volume":"19","author":"Fjell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2008.01.007","article-title":"The teen brain: insights from neuroimaging","volume":"42","author":"Giedd","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8174","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402680101","article-title":"Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood","volume":"101","author":"Gogtay","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-015-1012-0","article-title":"Frontotemporal correlates of impulsivity and machine learning in retired professional athletes with a history of multiple concussions","volume":"221","author":"Goswami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","article-title":"A rating scale for depression","volume":"23","author":"Hamilton","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12688","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1175-16.2016","article-title":"The right superior frontal gyrus and individual variation in proactive control of impulsive response","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19971020)387:2<167::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Regional differences in synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex","volume":"387","author":"Huttenlocher","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.12779\/dnd.2019.18.3.77","article-title":"The cortical neuroanatomy related to specific neuropsychological deficits in Alzheimer\u2019s continuum","volume":"18","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dement Neurocognitive Disord"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-015-9442-0","article-title":"Cortical thinning in former professional soccer players","volume":"10","author":"Koerte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2017.1341998","article-title":"Neural correlates of visual memory in patients with diffuse axonal injury","volume":"31","author":"Lauer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.12.053","article-title":"Microstructural maturation of the human brain from childhood to adulthood","volume":"40","author":"Lebel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2006.09.013","article-title":"Automated cortical thickness measurements from MRI can accurately separate Alzheimer\u2019s patients from normal elderly controls","volume":"29","author":"Lerch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh200","article-title":"Focal decline of cortical thickness in Alzheimer\u2019s disease identified by computational neuroanatomy","volume":"15","author":"Lerch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22341","article-title":"Task switching in traumatic brain injury relates to cortico-subcortical integrity","volume":"35","author":"Leunissen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(200003)9:3<156::AID-HBM4>3.0.CO;2-Q","article-title":"fMRI of visual encoding: reproducibility of activation","volume":"9","author":"Machielsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref40","first-page":"304","article-title":"Apathy: concept, syndrome, neural mechanisms, and treatment","volume":"1","author":"Marin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2015.11.010","article-title":"The persistent influence of concussion on attention, executive control and neuroelectric function in preadolescent children","volume":"99","author":"Moore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967115622621","article-title":"Concussion incidence in professional football","volume":"4","author":"Nathanson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199511)51:6<768::AID-JCLP2270510607>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Factor structure of the barratt impulsiveness scale","volume":"51","author":"Patton","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1093\/neurosurgery\/53.3.799","article-title":"Concussion in professional football: reconstruction of game impacts and injuries","volume":"53","author":"Pellman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13281","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105108108","article-title":"Extraordinary neoteny of synaptic spines in the human prefrontal cortex","volume":"108","author":"Petanjek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1024\/1016-264X\/a000181","article-title":"Neuropsychological assessment battery (NAB) - Aussagekraft und anwendungen der deutschsprachigen adaptation","volume":"27","author":"Petermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zeitschrift fur Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2019.6661","article-title":"Self-reported cognitive function and mental health diagnoses among former professional American-style football players","volume":"37","author":"Plessow","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2036","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp105","article-title":"Early diagnosis of Alzheimers disease using cortical thickness: impact of cognitive reserve","volume":"132","author":"Querbes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population","volume":"1","author":"Radloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Measur"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546519868989","article-title":"Exposure to American football and neuropsychiatric health in former National Football League players: findings from the football players health study","volume":"47","author":"Roberts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref51","volume-title":"Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Adult Version (BRIEF-A)","author":"Roth","year":"2005"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22829","article-title":"Neurobiological indicators of disinhibition in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"36","author":"Sadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2017.5145","article-title":"Age at first exposure to repetitive head impacts is associated with smaller thalamic volumes in former professional American football players","volume":"35","author":"Schultz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2018.1447575","article-title":"Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in sports: a historical and narrative review","volume":"43","author":"Solomon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515626164","article-title":"Participation in pre-high school football and neurological, neuroradiological, and neuropsychological findings in later life","volume":"44","author":"Solomon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001358","article-title":"Age of first exposure to football and later-life cognitive impairment in former NFL players","volume":"84","author":"Stamm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3822","article-title":"Age at first exposure to football is associated with altered Corpus callosum white matter microstructure in former professional football players","volume":"32","author":"Stamm","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref58","volume-title":"Boston Qualitative Scoring System (BQSS) for the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure","author":"Stern","year":"1999"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3402","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3302-16.2017","article-title":"Development of the cerebral cortex across adolescence: a multisample study of inter-related longitudinal changes in cortical volume, surface area, and thickness","volume":"37","author":"Tamnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp118","article-title":"Brain maturation in adolescence and young adulthood: regional age-related changes in cortical thickness and white matter volume and microstructure","volume":"20","author":"Tamnes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.04.258","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in cortical thickness associated with normal aging","volume":"52","author":"Thambisetty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref62","volume-title":"WAIS-III Administration and Scoring Manual","author":"Wechsler","year":"1997"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20273","article-title":"Brain maturation in adolescence: concurrent changes in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology","volume":"28","author":"Whitford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.01.005","article-title":"Cortical thickness and subcortical brain volumes in professional rugby league players","volume":"18","author":"Wojtowicz","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"2021061207381035500_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.102945","article-title":"Recovery from sports-related concussion: days to return to neurocognitive baseline in adolescents versus young adults","volume":"3","author":"Zuckerman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"}],"container-title":["Cerebral Cortex"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/31\/7\/3426\/38605674\/bhab021.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/31\/7\/3426\/38605674\/bhab021.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]],"date-time":"2021-06-12T07:39:03Z","timestamp":1623483543000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article\/31\/7\/3426\/6155987"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhab021","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-3211","1460-2199"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-3211","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2199","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]]}}}