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Here, we addressed if this predictive ability extends to other working memory tasks and if it is present in other brain areas. We trained monkeys to remember the location of a stimulus and determine whether a second stimulus appeared at the same location or not. Neurophysiological recordings were performed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex (PPC). We hypothesized that random drifts causing the peak activity of the network to move away from the first stimulus location and toward the location of the second stimulus would result in categorical errors. Indeed, for both areas, in nonmatching trials, when the first stimulus appeared in a neuron\u2019s preferred location, the neuron showed significantly higher firing rates in correct than in error trials; and vice versa, when the first stimulus appeared at a nonpreferred location, activity in error trials was higher than in correct. The results indicate that the activity of both dlPFC and PPC neurons is predictive of categorical judgments of information maintained in working memory, and neuronal firing rate deviations are revealing of the contents of working memory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T02:53:17Z","timestamp":1612925597000},"page":"3650-3664","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Drifts in Prefrontal and Parietal Neuronal Activity Influence Working Memory Judgments"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0643-2325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sihai","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Constantinidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Lian","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021070818231224200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.05.065","article-title":"Shared representations for working memory and mental imagery in early visual cortex","volume":"23","author":"Albers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2021070818231224200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100422","article-title":"Working memory: theories, models, and controversies","volume":"63","author":"Baddeley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"2021070818231224200_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/763938","article-title":"Interplay between persistent activity and activity-silent dynamics in prefrontal cortex during working memory","author":"Barbosa","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"2021070818231224200_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4067","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3578-15.2016","article-title":"Monkey prefrontal neurons reflect logical operations for cognitive control in a variant of the AX continuous performance task (AX-CPT)","volume":"36","author":"Blackman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2021070818231224200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1017\/S095252380000715X","article-title":"A relationship between behavioral choice and the visual responses of neurons in macaque MT","volume":"13","author":"Britten","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vis Neurosci"},{"key":"2021070818231224200_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902870402","article-title":"Posterior parietal cortex in rhesus monkey: I. 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