{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:05:59Z","timestamp":1790679959209,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]],"date-time":"2021-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RGPIN-2019-05176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2019-05176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Apraxia of speech is a motor disorder characterized by the impaired ability to coordinate the sequential articulatory movements necessary to produce speech. The critical cortical area(s) involved in speech apraxia remain controversial because many of the previously reported cases had additional aphasic impairments, preventing localization of the specific cortical circuit necessary for the somatomotor execution of speech. Four patients with \u201cpure speech apraxia\u201d (i.e., who had no aphasic and orofacial motor impairments) are reported here. The critical lesion in all four patients involved, in the left hemisphere, the precentral gyrus of the insula (gyrus brevis III) and, to a lesser extent, the nearby areas with which it is strongly connected: the adjacent subcentral opercular cortex (part of secondary somatosensory cortex) and the most inferior part of the central sulcus where the orofacial musculature is represented. There was no damage to rostrally adjacent Broca\u2019s area in the inferior frontal gyrus. The present study demonstrates the critical circuit for the coordination of complex articulatory movements prior to and during the execution of the motor speech plans. Importantly, this specific cortical circuit is different from those that relate to the cognitive aspects of language production (e.g., Broca\u2019s area on the inferior frontal gyrus).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,2]],"date-time":"2021-04-02T19:09:44Z","timestamp":1617390584000},"page":"3723-3731","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Precentral Insular Cortical Network for Speech Articulation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Tomaiuolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Messina University, Piazza Pugliatti, 1 Messina, Italy 98122"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Campana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation Unit, Auxilium Vitae Volterra, Volterra, Italy 56048"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loredana","family":"Voci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation Unit, Auxilium Vitae Volterra, Volterra, Italy 56048"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Lasaponara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze Umane, Libera Universit\u00e0 Maria Santissima Assunta LUMSA, Rome, Italy 00193"},{"name":"Laboratorio di Neuropsicologia dell'attenzione, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy 00179"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Doricchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy 00185"},{"name":"Laboratorio di Neuropsicologia dell'attenzione, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy 00179"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Petrides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2B4"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021070818244217900_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.03.003","article-title":"Single subject analyses reveal consistent recruitment of frontal operculum in performance monitoring","volume":"133","author":"Amiez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021070818244217900_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2010.07.001","article-title":"Role of the precentral gyrus of the insula in complex articulation","volume":"47","author":"Baldo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2021070818244217900_ref3","volume-title":"Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues","author":"Brodmann","year":"1909"},{"key":"2021070818244217900_ref4","volume-title":"Esame del linguaggio II [Examination of language II]","author":"Ciurli","year":"1996"},{"key":"2021070818244217900_ref5","volume-title":"Motor speech disorders","author":"Darley","year":"1975"},{"key":"2021070818244217900_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1980.00500500036003","article-title":"Imitating gestures. 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