{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T04:29:30Z","timestamp":1784089770154,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1940094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1940094"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1649865"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1649865"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adolescence is a period of profound but incompletely understood changes in the brain\u2019s neural circuitry (the connectome), which is vulnerable to risk factors such as unhealthy weight, but may be protected by positive factors such as regular physical activity. In 5955 children (median age\u2009=\u2009120\u00a0months; 50.86% females) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) cohort, we investigated direct and indirect (through impact on body mass index [BMI]) effects of physical activity on resting-state networks, the backbone of the functional connectome that ubiquitously affects cognitive function. We estimated significant positive effects of regular physical activity on network connectivity, efficiency, robustness and stability (P\u00a0\u2264\u20090.01), and on local topologies of attention, somatomotor, frontoparietal, limbic, and default-mode networks (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u20090.05), which support extensive processes, from memory and executive control to emotional processing. In contrast, we estimated widespread negative BMI effects in the same network properties and brain regions (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Additional mediation analyses suggested that physical activity could also modulate network topologies leading to better control of food intake, appetite and satiety, and ultimately lower BMI. Thus, regular physical activity may have extensive positive effects on the development of the functional connectome, and may be critical for improving the detrimental effects of unhealthy weight on cognitive health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,17]],"date-time":"2021-04-17T11:16:55Z","timestamp":1618658215000},"page":"4840-4852","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Widespread Positive Direct and Indirect Effects of Regular Physical Activity on the Developing Functional Connectome in Early Adolescence"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Skylar J","family":"Brooks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean M","family":"Parks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Stamoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Adolescent Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2021090106305601300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2008.08.005","article-title":"Brain regulation of appetite and satiety","volume":"37","author":"Ahima","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00520","article-title":"Decreased small-world functional network connectivity and clustering across resting state networks in schizophrenia: an fMRI classification tutorial","volume":"7","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008045046-9.00410-1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of neuroscience","author":"Aron","year":"2009"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709991383","article-title":"Bullying victimization in youths and mental health problems: \u2018much ado about nothing\u2019","volume":"40","author":"Arseneault","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021090106305601300_ref4a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2011.2158718","article-title":"Cascading failure tolerance of modular small-world networks","volume":"58","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs."},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173","article-title":"The moderator\u2013mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations","volume":"5","author":"Baron","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021090106305601300_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858406293182","article-title":"Small-world brain networks","volume":"12","author":"Bassett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021090106305601300_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858416667720","article-title":"Small-world brain networks revisited","volume":"23","author":"Bassett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090106305601300_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Royal Stat Soc, Series B"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021090106305601300_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.12.016","article-title":"Interactions between the \u201ccognitive\u201d and \u201cmetabolic\u201d brain in the control of food intake","volume":"91","author":"Berthoud","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021090106305601300_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15040800","article-title":"Physical activity and cognitive functioning of children: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Bidzan-Bluma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021090106305601300_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910340409","article-title":"Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar MRI","volume":"34","author":"Biswal","year":"1995","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021090106305601300_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2005.01553.x","article-title":"Brain regulation of food intake and appetite: molecules and networks","volume":"258","author":"Broberger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2575","article-title":"Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems","volume":"10","author":"Bullmore","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3214","article-title":"The economy of brain network organization","volume":"13","author":"Bullmore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-040510-143934","article-title":"Brain graphs: graphical models of the human brain connectome","volume":"7","author":"Bullmore","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021090106305601300_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201695810","volume":"36","author":"Camandola","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021090106305601300_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.06.003","article-title":"Developmental connectomics from infancy through early childhood","volume":"40","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021090106305601300_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2018.03.001","article-title":"The adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study: imaging acquisition across 21 sites","volume":"3","author":"Casey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.07.001","article-title":"A revised limbic system model for memory, emotion and behaviour","volume":"37","author":"Catani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021090106305601300_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2009.0721","article-title":"The economics of childhood obesity","volume":"29","author":"Cawley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref21","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref22","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Growth Charts (CDC-1)"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.08.049","article-title":"A neuroimaging investigation of the association between aerobic fitness, hippocampal volume, and memory performance in preadolescent children","volume":"1358","author":"Chaddock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00584","article-title":"Aerobic fitness is associated with greater white matter integrity in children","volume":"8","author":"Chaddock-Heyman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021090106305601300_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.2307\/2983440","article-title":"Model uncertainty, data mining and statistical inference","volume":"158","author":"Chatfield","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090106305601300_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1478-3975\/12\/1\/016009","article-title":"Development of modularity in the neural activity of children\u2019s brains","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Phys Biol"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3879","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40345-8","article-title":"Resting-state brain information flow predicts cognitive flexibility in humans","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021090106305601300_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2174\/138920211795677895","article-title":"Genetics of obesity: what have we learned?","volume":"12","author":"Choquet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Genomics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021090106305601300_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/58.2.M176","article-title":"Aerobic fitness reduces brain tissue loss in aging humans","volume":"58","author":"Colcombe","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref30","volume-title":"Obesity epidemiology","author":"Colditz","year":"2008"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021090106305601300_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200204000-00006","article-title":"Exercise enhances and protects brain function","volume":"30","author":"Cotman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021090106305601300_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(02)02143-4","article-title":"Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity","volume":"25","author":"Cotman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021090106305601300_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.2.512S","article-title":"Physical activity as a metabolic stressor","volume":"72","author":"Coyle","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.05.013","article-title":"The role of nutrition in brain development: the golden opportunity of the \u201cfirst 1000 days\u201d","volume":"175","author":"Cusick","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090106305601300_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021766","article-title":"Exercise improves executive function and achievement and alters brain activation in overweight children: a randomized, controlled trial","volume":"30","author":"Davis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Psychol: J Div Health Psychol, Am Psychol Assoc"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400004089","article-title":"The role of early experience in shaping behavioral and brain development and its implications for social policy","volume":"12","author":"Dawson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021090106305601300_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10090720","article-title":"Physical activity and brain health","volume":"10","author":"Di Liegro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021090106305601300_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.08.050","article-title":"Unraveling the miswired connectome: a developmental perspective","volume":"83","author":"Di Martino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021090106305601300_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn041","article-title":"Functional connectivity of human striatum: a resting state fMRI study","volume":"18","author":"Di Martino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021090106305601300_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2009.06.014","article-title":"Depression, cortisol reactivity and obesity in childhood and adolescence","volume":"45","author":"Dockray","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021090106305601300_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000901","article-title":"Physical activity, fitness, cognitive function, and academic achievement in children","volume":"48","author":"Donnelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"26","key":"2021090106305601300_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11073","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704320104","article-title":"Distinct brain networks for adaptive and stable task control in humans","volume":"104","author":"Dosenbach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7143","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1486-08.2008","article-title":"Evidence for segregated and integrative connectivity patterns in the human basal ganglia","volume":"28","author":"Draganski","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021090106305601300_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1015950108","article-title":"Exercise training increases the size of the hippocampus and improves memory","volume":"108","author":"Erickson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref45","first-page":"1897","article-title":"Anxiety and depression levels in prepubertal obese children: a case-control study","volume":"10","author":"Esposito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13507","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705843104","article-title":"Development of distinct control networks through segregation and integration","volume":"104","author":"Fair","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021090106305601300_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4028","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0800376105","article-title":"The maturing architecture of the brain's default network","volume":"105","author":"Fair","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021090106305601300_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000381","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000381","article-title":"Functional brain networks develop from a \u201clocal to distributed\u201d organization","volume":"5","author":"Fair","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Comp Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090106305601300_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.11.007","article-title":"Effect of aerobic exercise on hippocampal volume in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"166","author":"Firth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"36","key":"2021090106305601300_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10046","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604187103","article-title":"Spontaneous neuronal activity distinguishes human dorsal and ventral attention systems","volume":"103","author":"Fox","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021090106305601300_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.90777.2008","article-title":"The global signal and observed anticorrelated resting state brain networks","volume":"101","author":"Fox","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"39","key":"2021090106305601300_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15531","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0704380104","article-title":"Resting-state networks in the infant brain","volume":"104","author":"Fransson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021090106305601300_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1179\/1476830513Y.0000000092","article-title":"Damaging effects of a high-fat diet to the brain and cognition: a review of proposed mechanisms","volume":"17","author":"Freeman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021090106305601300_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.2.614S","article-title":"Nutrition and the developing brain: nutrient priorities and measurement","volume":"85","author":"Georgieff","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"6347","key":"2021090106305601300_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal4122","article-title":"Effects of network modularity on the spread of perturbation impact in experimental metapopulations","volume":"357","author":"Gilarranz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.2307\/1130197","article-title":"Experience and brain development","volume":"58","author":"Greenough","year":"1987","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090106305601300_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0135058100","article-title":"Functional connectivity in the resting brain: a network analysis of the default mode hypothesis","volume":"100","author":"Greicius","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090106305601300_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.t01-1-00102","article-title":"Experience effects on brain development: possible contributions to psychopathology","volume":"44","author":"Grossman","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116091","article-title":"Image processing and analysis methods for the adolescent brain cognitive development study","volume":"202","author":"Hagler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref60","volume-title":"NCHS Data Brief, No 360","author":"Hales","year":"2020"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-3462-1","volume-title":"Regression modeling strategies: with applications to linear models, logistic regression, and survival analysis","author":"Harrell","year":"2001"},{"issue":"20","key":"2021090106305601300_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1178","article-title":"Exercise, cognition, and the adolescent brain","volume":"9","author":"Herting","year":"2017","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45758-0_265","article-title":"The neurobiology of childhood structural brain development: conception through adulthood","volume":"16","author":"Houston","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht335","article-title":"Development of human brain structural networks through infancy and childhood","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1990.10475722","article-title":"The impact of model selection on inference in linear regression","volume":"44","author":"Hurvich","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am Stat"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021090106305601300_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.05.010","article-title":"Mechanisms of connectome development","volume":"21","author":"Kaiser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021090106305601300_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs349","article-title":"The negative association of childhood obesity to cognitive control of action monitoring","volume":"24","author":"Kamijo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2013-0125","article-title":"The relation of childhood physical activity and aerobic fitness to brain function and cognition: a review","volume":"26","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021090106305601300_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2007.06.009","article-title":"Capitalizing on cortical plasticity: influence of physical activity on cognition and brain function","volume":"11","author":"Kramer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021090106305601300_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.4708","article-title":"Associations among body mass index, cortical thickness, and executive function in children","volume":"174","author":"Laurent","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"30","key":"2021090106305601300_ref71","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with obesity: a nationwide study in Sweden","volume":"18","author":"Lindberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMD Medicine"},{"issue":"32","key":"2021090106305601300_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13170","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0700668104","article-title":"Electrophysiological signatures of resting state networks in the human brain","volume":"104","author":"Mantini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021090106305601300_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2018.20.2\/smarek","article-title":"The frontoparietal network: function, electrophysiology, and importance of individual precision mapping","volume":"20","author":"Marek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref74","first-page":"1","article-title":"On the relationship between the \u201cdefault mode network\u201d and the \u201csocial brain\u201d","author":"Mars","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090106305601300_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28747-6","article-title":"Functional brain networks reveal the existence of cognitive reserve and the interplay between network topology and dynamics","volume":"8","author":"Martinez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1172","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.135","article-title":"Effects of aerobic exercise on brain metabolism and grey matter volume in older adults: results of the randomised controlled SMART trial","volume":"7","author":"Matura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021090106305601300_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.09.015","article-title":"Developmental pathways to functional brain networks: emerging principles","volume":"17","author":"Menon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.11.037.2009","article-title":"Hierarchical modularity in human brain functional networks","volume":"3","author":"Meunier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front Neuroinform"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2017.04.012","article-title":"A review of neighborhood effects and early child development: how, where, and for whom, do neighborhoods matter?","volume":"46","author":"Minh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021090106305601300_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6170","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1913042117","article-title":"Diet modulates brain network stability, a biomarker for brain aging in young adults","volume":"117","author":"Mujica-Parodi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8577","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601602103","article-title":"Modularity and community structure in networks","volume":"103","author":"Newman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref82","author":"NITRC.org"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref83","author":"National Institute of Mental Health Data Archive (NDA)"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref84","author":"Next-Generation Neural Data Analysis (NGNDA) platform"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090106305601300_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4923","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12895-y","article-title":"Hypothalamus-hippocampus circuitry regulates impulsivity via melanin-concentrating hormone","volume":"10","author":"Noble","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090106305601300_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23891","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23891","article-title":"Functional brain networks associated with eating behaviors in obesity","volume":"6","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021090106305601300_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plrev.2014.03.005","article-title":"Understanding brain networks and brain organization","volume":"11","author":"Pessoa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phys Life Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090106305601300_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL-190085","article-title":"Higher cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with reduced functional brain connectivity during performance of the Stroop task","volume":"5","author":"Peven","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Plasticity"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090106305601300_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13993","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70679-7","article-title":"Opposing associations between sedentary time and decision-making competence in young adults revealed by functional connectivity in the dorsal attention network","volume":"10","author":"Pindus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021090106305601300_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2010.21528","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness and the flexible modulation of cognitive control in preadolescent children","volume":"23","author":"Pontifex","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021090106305601300_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12102","article-title":"Nutrition and brain development in early life","volume":"72","author":"Prado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021090106305601300_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12535","article-title":"Exploring the association between childhood and adolescent obesity and depression: a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Quek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0297-9","article-title":"Peer victimization and its impact on adolescent brain development and psychopathology","volume":"25","author":"Quinlan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00610","article-title":"Differences in resting state functional connectivity between young adult endurance athletes and healthy controls","volume":"10","author":"Raichlen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021090106305601300_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20870","article-title":"Brain structure and obesity","volume":"31","author":"Raji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv097","article-title":"Individual differences in reward and somatosensory-motor brain regions correlate with adiposity in adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Rapuano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"43","key":"2021090106305601300_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26977","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2007918117","article-title":"Nucleus accumbens cytoarchitecture predicts weight gain in children","volume":"117","author":"Rapuano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021090106305601300_ref99","first-page":"103","article-title":"Childhood obesity and depression: connection between these growing problems in growing children","volume":"1","author":"Reeves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Child Health Hum Dev"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/820956","article-title":"The relationship between executive function and obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic literature review","volume":"2013","author":"Reinert","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Obesity"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056119","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.76.056119","article-title":"Approximating the largest eigenvalue of network adjacency matrices","volume":"76","author":"Restrepo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021090106305601300_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.06.012","article-title":"The effects of cardiovascular exercise on human memory: a review with meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Roig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021090106305601300_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2519","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhz257","article-title":"Childhood obesity, cortical structure, and executive function in healthy children","volume":"30","author":"Ronan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.10.003","article-title":"Complex network measures of brain connectivity: uses and interpretations","volume":"52","author":"Rubinov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021090106305601300_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2009.08.001","article-title":"Physical activity and memory functions: an interventional study","volume":"32","author":"Ruscheweyh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021090106305601300_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4863.154628","article-title":"Childhood obesity: causes and consequences","volume":"4","author":"Sahoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090106305601300_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL-190081","article-title":"Modulation of distinct intrinsic resting state brain networks by acute exercise bouts of differing intensity","volume":"5","author":"Schmitt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Plasticity"},{"issue":"5708","key":"2021090106305601300_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1104344","article-title":"Diabetes, obesity, and the brain","volume":"307","author":"Schwartz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021090106305601300_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.07.015","article-title":"Is obesity a brain disease?","volume":"37","author":"Shefer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref110","volume-title":"From neurons to neighborhoods: the science of early childhood development, National Research Council (US) and Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Integrating the Science of Early Childhood Development","author":"Shonkoff","year":"2000"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.2307\/270723","article-title":"Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models","volume":"13","author":"Sobel","year":"1982","journal-title":"Soc Method"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021090106305601300_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(00)00014-2","article-title":"The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations","volume":"24","author":"Spear","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021090106305601300_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00877","article-title":"Early psychosocial neglect adversely impacts developmental trajectories of brain rhythms and their interaction","volume":"27","author":"Stamoulis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021090106305601300_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00014.2017","article-title":"Neuronal networks in the developing brain are adversely modulated by early psychosocial neglect","volume":"118","author":"Stamoulis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021090106305601300_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0123950","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123950","article-title":"Changes in brain network efficiency and working memory performance in aging","volume":"10","author":"Stanley","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021090106305601300_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010802091183","article-title":"Aerobic endurance exercise benefits memory and affect in young adults","volume":"19","author":"Stroth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090106305601300_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.04.009","article-title":"Development of functional and structural connectivity within the default mode network in young children","volume":"52","author":"Supekar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021090106305601300_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-9961(03)00030-5","article-title":"Regulation of brain function by exercise","volume":"13","author":"Sutoo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021090106305601300_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.23774","article-title":"Assessment of Neighborhood poverty, cognitive function, and prefrontal and hippocampal volumes in children","volume":"3","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021090106305601300_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2011.0038","article-title":"The ubiquity of small-world networks","volume":"1","author":"Telesford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Connect"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021090106305601300_ref121","first-page":"9","article-title":"Brain development and the role of experience in the early years","volume":"30","author":"Tierney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zero Three"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021090106305601300_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96176","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096176","article-title":"Mapping small-world properties through development in the human brain: disruption in schizophrenia","volume":"9","author":"Tomasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"2021090106305601300_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2008.00472.x","article-title":"Indirect costs of obesity: a review of the current literature","volume":"9","author":"Trogdon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021090106305601300_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.09.012","article-title":"Network hubs in the human brain","volume":"17","author":"Van den Heuvel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021090106305601300_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3248","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1906144117","article-title":"Conservative and disruptive modes of adolescent change in human brain functional connectivity","volume":"117","author":"Vasa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2011.10.009","article-title":"Aerobic fitness is associated with greater efficiency of the network underlying cognitive control in preadolescent children","volume":"199","author":"Voss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021090106305601300_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2972","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22119","article-title":"The influence of aerobic fitness on cerebral white matter integrity and cognitive function in older adults: results of a one-year exercise intervention","volume":"34","author":"Voss","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref128","first-page":"32","article-title":"Plasticity of brain networks in a randomized intervention trial of exercise training in older adults","volume":"2","author":"Voss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"9253","key":"2021090106305601300_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03643-6","article-title":"Brain dopamine and obesity","volume":"357","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021090106305601300_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22252","article-title":"Dysmaturation of the default mode network in autism","volume":"35","author":"Washington","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"6684","key":"2021090106305601300_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/30918","article-title":"Collective dynamics of \u2018small-world\u2019 networks","volume":"393","author":"Watts","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021090106305601300_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL-160039","article-title":"The acute effects of aerobic exercise on the functional connectivity of human brain networks","volume":"2","author":"Weng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Plast"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2017.00330","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with selective attention in healthy male high-school students","volume":"11","author":"Wengaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2013.10.006","article-title":"Positive parenting predicts the development of adolescent brain structure: a longitudinal study","volume":"8","author":"Whittle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref135","article-title":"Robustness of regular graphs based on natural connectivity","author":"Wu","year":"2009"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2015.07.018","article-title":"Default mode network segregation and social deficits in autism spectrum disorder: evidence from non-medicated children","volume":"9","author":"Yerys","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage: Clinical"},{"key":"2021090106305601300_ref137","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Technical report No. 63","author":"Zambresky","year":"1988"}],"container-title":["Cerebral Cortex"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/31\/10\/4840\/39955606\/bhab126.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/31\/10\/4840\/39955606\/bhab126.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T16:40:20Z","timestamp":1724863220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article\/31\/10\/4840\/6275469"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"references-count":137,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhab126","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-3211","1460-2199"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-3211","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2199","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]}}}