{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T11:06:26Z","timestamp":1785323186792,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018173","name":"International Max Planck Research School","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["COMP2PSYCH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COMP2PSYCH"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018173","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Intramural Innovation Fund of the Max Planck Society"},{"name":"Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Aging Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01\/R37 AG011230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01\/R37 AG011230"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reduced moment-to-moment blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal variability has been consistently linked to advanced age and poorer cognitive performance, showing potential as a functional marker of brain aging. To date, however, this promise has rested exclusively on cross-sectional comparisons. In a sample of 74 healthy adults, we provide the first longitudinal evidence linking individual differences in BOLD variability, age, and performance across multiple cognitive domains over an average period of 2.5\u00a0years. As expected, those expressing greater loss of BOLD variability also exhibited greater decline in cognition. The fronto-striato-thalamic system emerged as a core neural substrate for these change\u2013change associations. Preservation of signal variability within regions of the fronto-striato-thalamic system also cohered with preservation of functional integration across regions of this system, suggesting that longitudinal maintenance of \u201clocal\u201d dynamics may require across-region communication. We therefore propose this neural system as a primary target in future longitudinal studies on the neural substrates of cognitive aging. Given that longitudinal change\u2013change associations between brain and cognition are notoriously difficult to detect, the presence of such an association within a relatively short follow-up period bolsters the promise of brain signal variability as a viable, experimentally sensitive probe for studying individual differences in human cognitive aging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T11:41:42Z","timestamp":1622115702000},"page":"5239-5252","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Lost Dynamics and the Dynamics of Loss: Longitudinal Compression of Brain Signal Variability is Coupled with Declines in Functional Integration and Cognitive Performance"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Douglas D","family":"Garrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Skowron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Wiegert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janne","family":"Adolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group of Quantitative Psychology and Individual Differences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl L","family":"Dahle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, 87 East Ferry Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulman","family":"Lindenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naftali","family":"Raz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin 14195, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, 87 East Ferry Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 87 East Ferry Street, Detroit, MI 48202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.01.048","article-title":"Dopaminergic modulation of hemodynamic signal variability and the functional connectome during cognitive performance","volume":"172","author":"Alavash","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6084\/m9.figshare.915436.v2","article-title":"ANTs\/ANTsR brain templates","author":"Avants","year":"2018","journal-title":"Figshare"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.02.033","article-title":"White matter structural decline in normal ageing: a prospective longitudinal study using tract-based spatial statistics","volume":"51","author":"Barrick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.2006.18.6.1349","article-title":"When response variability increases neural network robustness to synaptic noise","volume":"18","author":"Basalyga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neural Comput"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2013.00038","article-title":"Mediodorsal thalamus and cognition in non-human primates","volume":"7","author":"Baxter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2003.822821","article-title":"Probabilistic independent component analysis for functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"23","author":"Beckmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ieee T Med Imaging"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00435","article-title":"Vascular risk moderates associations between hippocampal subfield volumes and memory","volume":"25","author":"Bender","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.085","article-title":"White matter and memory in healthy adults: coupled changes over two years","volume":"131","author":"Bender","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.016","article-title":"The role of physiological noise in resting-state functional connectivity","volume":"62","author":"Birn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.01.002","article-title":"Age differences in speed of processing are partially mediated by differences in axonal integrity","volume":"55","author":"Burgmans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120315","article-title":"White matter integrity supports BOLD signal variability and cognitive performance in the aging human brain","volume":"10","author":"Burzynska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref1c"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.8.4.517","article-title":"Individual difference and contextual variables influence spatial memory in younger and older adults","volume":"8","author":"Cherry","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6731","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4717-14.2015","article-title":"Striatal iron content predicts its shrinkage and changes in verbal working memory after two years in healthy adults","volume":"35","author":"Daugherty","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu107","article-title":"Path complexity in virtual water maze navigation: differential associations with age, sex, and regional brain volume","volume":"25","author":"Daugherty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.4.4.500","article-title":"Adult age differences in working memory","volume":"4","author":"Dobbs","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3389\/fncom.2014.00056","article-title":"Balanced neural architecture and the idling brain","volume":"8","author":"Doiron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Comput Neurosci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4242","article-title":"The mechanics of state-dependent neural correlations","volume":"19","author":"Doiron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref1e","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-4541-9_1"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref18","volume-title":"Manual for kit of factor-referenced cognitive tests","author":"Ekstrom","year":"1976"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.18.5.972","article-title":"Individual differences in working memory and comprehension: a test of four hypotheses","volume":"18","author":"Engle","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292\u2013303","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2258","article-title":"Noise in the nervous system","volume":"9","author":"Faisal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15223","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3252-09.2009","article-title":"One-year brain atrophy evident in healthy aging","volume":"29","author":"Fjell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref1f","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.7.1256","article-title":"Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging of limbic and thalamic volumes in Pediatric bipolar disorder","volume":"162","author":"Frazier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref23","first-page":"776","article-title":"Local temporal variability reflects functional integration in the human brain","volume":"183","author":"Garrett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuro Image"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4914","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5166-09.2010","article-title":"Blood oxygen level-dependent signal variability is more than just noise","volume":"30","author":"Garrett","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4496","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5641-10.2011","article-title":"The importance of being variable","volume":"31","author":"Garrett","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs055","article-title":"The modulation of BOLD variability between cognitive states varies by age and processing speed","volume":"23","author":"Garrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10149","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09752-7","article-title":"Age differences in brain signal variability are robust to multiple vascular controls","volume":"7","author":"Garrett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7593","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1504090112","article-title":"Amphetamine modulates brain signal variability and working memory in younger and older adults","volume":"112","author":"Garrett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc National Acad Sci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.02.015","article-title":"Moment-to-moment brain signal variability: a next frontier in human brain mapping?","volume":"37","author":"Garrett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21495","article-title":"A generalized procedure for calibrated MRI incorporating hyperoxia and hypercapnia","volume":"34","author":"Gauthier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.11.002","article-title":"Age dependence of hemodynamic response characteristics in human functional magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"34","author":"Gauthier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000402","article-title":"Metabolic risk affects fluid intelligence changes in healthy adults","volume":"34","author":"Ghisletta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.10.031","article-title":"Mapping the end-tidal CO2 response function in the resting-state BOLD fMRI signal: spatial specificity, test\u2013retest reliability and effect of fMRI sampling rate","volume":"104","author":"Golestani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.05.025","article-title":"Quantitative mapping of cerebrovascular reactivity using resting-state BOLD fMRI: validation in healthy adults","volume":"138","author":"Golestani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0290-19.2020","article-title":"Resting state BOLD variability of the posterior medial temporal lobe correlates with cognitive performance in older adults with and without risk for cognitive decline","volume":"7","author":"Good","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eneuro"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3256","article-title":"The cognitive neuroscience of ageing","volume":"13","author":"Grady","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-013-9253-0","article-title":"Understanding variability in the BOLD signal and why it matters for aging","volume":"8","author":"Grady","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.12.031","article-title":"Brain signal variability is modulated as a function of internal and external demand in younger and older adults","volume":"169","author":"Grady","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"112","author":"Grundy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv029","article-title":"BOLD variability is related to dopaminergic neurotransmission and cognitive aging","volume":"26","author":"Guitart-Masip","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2013.11.003","article-title":"Dorsal and ventral streams: the distinct role of striatal subregions in the acquisition and performance of goal-directed actions","volume":"108","author":"Hart","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1159\/000052825","article-title":"Understanding ageing","volume":"47","author":"Hofer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04497-x","article-title":"Regulation of cortical activity and arousal by the matrix cells of the ventromedial thalamic nucleus","volume":"9","author":"Honjoh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.08.048","article-title":"Toward a standardized structural\u2013functional group connectome in MNI space","volume":"124","author":"Horn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.5.3.356","article-title":"Ability correlates of memory performance in adulthood and aging","volume":"5","author":"Hultsch","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5594","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0067-17.2017","article-title":"The human thalamus is an integrative hub for functional brain networks","volume":"37","author":"Hwang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref47","first-page":"1","article-title":"Brain aging and psychometric intelligence: a longitudinal study","author":"J\u00e4ncke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015","article-title":"FSL","volume":"62","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref49a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22511-7","article-title":"Thalamocortical excitability modulation guides human perception under uncertainty","volume":"12","author":"","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.10.042","article-title":"A mean three-dimensional atlas of the human thalamus: generation from multiple histological data","volume":"49","author":"Krauth","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.07.034","article-title":"Partial least squares (PLS) methods for neuroimaging: a tutorial and review","volume":"56","author":"Krishnan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1254403","article-title":"Human cognitive aging: Corriger la fortune?","volume":"346","author":"Lindenberger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020525","article-title":"Cross-sectional age variance extraction: What\u2019s change got to do with it?","volume":"26","author":"Lindenberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Aging"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.3.2.218","article-title":"The complex nature of unique and shared effects in hierarchical linear regression: implications for developmental psychology","volume":"3","author":"Lindenberger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3220","article-title":"Slow dynamics and high variability in balanced cortical networks with clustered connections","volume":"15","author":"Litwin-Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22053","article-title":"A comparison of physiologic modulators of fMRI signals","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref56","volume-title":"Oxford research encyclopedia of psychology","author":"McIntosh","year":"2019"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1996.0016","article-title":"Spatial pattern analysis of functional brain images using partial least squares","volume":"3","author":"McIntosh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5686","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa138","article-title":"Evaluating the sensitivity of resting-state BOLD variability to age and cognition after controlling for motion and cardiovascular influences: a network-based approach","volume":"30","author":"Millar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.03.001","article-title":"The mediodorsal thalamus as a higher order thalamic relay nucleus important for learning and decision-making","volume":"54","author":"Mitchell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2013.00037","article-title":"What does the mediodorsal thalamus do?","volume":"7","author":"Mitchell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Frontiers Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5539","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3408-16.2017","article-title":"Moment-to-moment BOLD signal variability reflects regional changes in neural flexibility across the lifespan","volume":"37","author":"Nomi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22682","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1012651108","article-title":"Longitudinal evidence for diminished frontal cortex function in aging","volume":"107","author":"Nyberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc National Acad Sci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory","volume":"9","author":"Oldfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref64","author":"O\u2019Reilly","year":"2014"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.08.006","article-title":"The regulatory role of the human Mediodorsal thalamus","volume":"22","author":"Pergola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.11.028","article-title":"Regional brain shrinkage and change in cognitive performance over two years: the bidirectional influences of the brain and cognitive reserve factors","volume":"126","author":"Persson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(94)90056-6","article-title":"Greater signal regularity may indicate increased system isolation","volume":"122","author":"Pincus","year":"1994","journal-title":"Math Biosci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1037\/h0023240","article-title":"On noise in the nervous system","volume":"73","author":"Pinneo","year":"1966","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw418","article-title":"Longitudinal evidence for increased functional response in frontal cortex for older adults with hippocampal atrophy and memory decline","volume":"28","author":"Pudas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1007\/s004269900009","article-title":"Patterns of cognitive ageing","volume":"63","author":"Rabbitt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychol Res"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/014662167700100306","article-title":"The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population","volume":"1","author":"Radloff","year":"1977","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Measur"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/11442.003.0010","volume-title":"The cognitive neurosciences","author":"Raz","year":"2020","edition":"6th"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.03.020","article-title":"Trajectories of brain aging in middle-aged and older adults: regional and individual differences","volume":"51","author":"Raz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.12.1.95","article-title":"Neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive aging: evidence from structural magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"12","author":"Raz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024503","article-title":"Only time will tell: cross-sectional studies offer no solution to the age\u2013brain\u2013cognition triangle: comment on Salthouse (2011)","volume":"137","author":"Raz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm108","article-title":"Neuroanatomical correlates of fluid intelligence in healthy adults and persons with vascular risk factors","volume":"18","author":"Raz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi044","article-title":"Regional brain changes in aging healthy adults: general trends, individual differences and modifiers","volume":"15","author":"Raz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.07.001","article-title":"Differential aging of the brain: patterns, cognitive correlates and modifiers","volume":"30","author":"Raz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17654","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1410233111","article-title":"Elevated hippocampal resting-state connectivity underlies deficient neurocognitive function in aging","volume":"111","author":"Salami","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc National Acad Sci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.8.4.535","article-title":"The aging of working memory","volume":"8","author":"Salthouse","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P297","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/50B.6.P297","article-title":"Aging, inhibition, working memory, and speed","volume":"50","author":"Salthouse","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.15.3.507","article-title":"Effects of adult age and working memory on reasoning and spatial abilities","volume":"15","author":"Salthouse","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4902-09.2010","article-title":"Variability in nucleus Accumbens activity mediates age-related suboptimal financial risk taking","volume":"30","author":"Samanez-Larkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(94)90059-0","article-title":"Noise, neural codes and cortical organization","volume":"4","author":"Shadlen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15595","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3864-09.2009","article-title":"Neuronal avalanches imply maximum dynamic range in cortical networks at criticality","volume":"29","author":"Shew","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4637-10.2011","article-title":"Information capacity and transmission are maximized in balanced cortical networks with neuronal avalanches","volume":"31","author":"Shew","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref87","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human cognition involves the dynamic integration of neural activity and neuromodulatory systems","volume":"22","author":"Shine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.09.002","article-title":"The low-dimensional neural architecture of cognitive complexity is related to activity in medial thalamic nuclei","volume":"104","author":"Shine","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14215","article-title":"Thalamic afferents to prefrontal cortices from ventral motor nuclei in decision-making","volume":"49","author":"Sieveritz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1999.0435","article-title":"Investigation of low frequency drift in fMRI signal","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051","article-title":"Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00076","article-title":"Functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy: the \u201cnew\u201d MRS for cognitive neuroscience and psychiatry research","volume":"9","author":"Stanley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.87.2.245","article-title":"Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix","volume":"87","author":"Steiger","year":"1980","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.4.986","article-title":"Association of midlife blood pressure to late-life cognitive decline and brain morphology","volume":"51","author":"Swan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2012.0095","article-title":"Functional covariance networks: obtaining resting-state networks from intersubject variability","volume":"2","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Connect"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170153","article-title":"Midlife metabolic profile and the risk of late-life cognitive decline","author":"Tortelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13714","article-title":"The effects of age on resting-state BOLD signal variability is explained by cardiovascular and neurovascular factors","author":"Tsvetanov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22768","article-title":"The effect of ageing on fMRI: correction for the confounding effects of vascular reactivity evaluated by joint fMRI and MEG in 335 adults","volume":"36","author":"Tsvetanov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000179","article-title":"Coupled cognitive changes in adulthood: a meta-analysis","volume":"145","author":"Tucker-Drob","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref100a","first-page":"751","article-title":"Behavior needs neural variability","volume-title":"Neuron","author":"","year":"2021"},{"key":"2021100515342017700_ref100","volume-title":"Woodcock-johnson psychoeducational battery-revised","author":"Woodcock","year":"1989"}],"container-title":["Cerebral Cortex"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/31\/11\/5239\/40499673\/bhab154.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/31\/11\/5239\/40499673\/bhab154.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T19:47:47Z","timestamp":1672256867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article\/31\/11\/5239\/6326759"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhab154","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-3211","1460-2199"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-3211","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2199","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]]}}}