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To identify neuroimaging biomarkers for early ASD diagnosis, we evaluated surface- and voxel-based brain morphometry in participants under 3YO who were later diagnosed with ASD. Magnetic resonance imaging data were retrospectively obtained from patients later diagnosed with ASD at Boston Children\u2019s Hospital. The ASD participants with comorbidities such as congenital disorder, epilepsy, and global developmental delay\/intellectual disability were excluded from statistical analyses. Eighty-five structural brain magnetic resonance imaging images were collected from 81 participants under 3YO and compared with 45 images from 45 gender- and age-matched nonautistic controls (non-ASD). Using an Infant FreeSurfer pipeline, 236 regionally distributed measurements were extracted from each scan. By t-tests and linear mixed models, the smaller nucleus accumbens and larger bilateral lateral, third, and fourth ventricles were identified in the ASD group. Vertex-wise t-statistical maps showed decreased thickness in the caudal anterior cingulate cortex and increased thickness in the right medial orbitofrontal cortex in ASD. The smaller bilateral accumbens nuclei and larger cerebral ventricles were independent of age, gender, or gestational age at birth, suggesting that there are MRI-based biomarkers in prospective ASD patients before they receive the diagnosis and that the volume of the nucleus accumbens and cerebral ventricles can be key MRI-based early biomarkers to predict the emergence of ASD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,24]],"date-time":"2021-07-24T03:17:48Z","timestamp":1627096668000},"page":"1200-1211","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Small Nucleus Accumbens and Large Cerebral Ventricles in Infants and Toddlers Prior to Receiving Diagnoses of Autism Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0076-5882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tadashi","family":"Shiohama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba 2608670, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alpen","family":"Ortug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3638-9957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Luis Alatorre","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Athinoula A. 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