{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:08:47Z","timestamp":1788948527366,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37-MH101495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37-MH101495"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32-MH019908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-MH019908"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006382","name":"Stanford Center on Longevity","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006382","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Air pollution is a major environmental threat to public health; we know little, however, about its effects on adolescent brain development. Exposure to air pollution co-occurs, and may interact, with social factors that also affect brain development, such as early life stress (ELS). Here, we show that severity of ELS and fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) are associated with volumetric changes in distinct brain regions, but also uncover regions in which ELS moderates the effects of PM2.5. We interviewed adolescents about ELS events, used satellite-derived estimates of ambient PM2.5 concentrations, and conducted longitudinal tensor-based morphometry to assess regional changes in brain volume over an approximately 2-year period (N\u2009=\u2009115, ages 9\u201313 years at Time 1). For adolescents who had experienced less severe ELS, PM2.5 was associated with volumetric changes across several gray and white matter regions. Fewer effects of PM2.5 were observed for adolescents who had experienced more severe ELS, although occasionally they were in the opposite direction. This pattern of results suggests that for many brain regions, moderate to severe ELS largely constrains the effects of PM2.5 on structural development. Further theory and research is needed on the joint effects of ELS and air pollution on the brain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T11:28:43Z","timestamp":1631100523000},"page":"2156-2169","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Fine Particulate Air Pollution, Early Life Stress, and Their Interactive Effects on Adolescent Structural Brain Development: A Longitudinal Tensor-Based Morphometry Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7061-3900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonas G","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily L","family":"Dennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Heft-Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Booil","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian H","family":"Gotlib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2022051715203501400_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2007.06.004","article-title":"Symmetric diffeomorphic image registration with cross-correlation: evaluating automated labeling of elderly and neurodegenerative brain","volume":"12","author":"Avants","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.025","article-title":"A reproducible evaluation of ANTs similarity metric performance in brain image registration","volume":"54","author":"Avants","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0097","article-title":"Agreement between prospective and retrospective measures of childhood maltreatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Baldwin","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0228092","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228092","article-title":"Reduced gray matter volume and cortical thickness associated with traffic-related air pollution in a longitudinally studied pediatric cohort","volume":"15","author":"Beckwith","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.116763","article-title":"Characterizing outdoor infiltration and indoor contribution of PM2.5 with citizen-based low-cost monitoring data","volume":"276","author":"Bi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"9","key":"2022051715203501400_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.05.009","article-title":"Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease","volume":"32","author":"Block","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref1a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306560","article-title":"Maternal stress and effects of prenatal air pollution on offspring mental health outcomes in mice","volume":"121","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2017.00010","volume-title":"Gestational exposure to air pollution alters cortical volume, microglial morphology, and microglia-neuron interactions in a sex-specific manner","author":"Bolton","year":"2017"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1515\/tnsci-2016-0005","article-title":"How air pollution alters brain development: the role of neuroinflammation","volume":"7","author":"Brockmeyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022051715203501400_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-120610","article-title":"White matter hyperintensities, systemic inflammation, brain growth, and cognitive functions in children exposed to air pollution","volume":"31","author":"Calder\u00f3n-Garcidueas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref10","article-title":"Air pollution and children: neural and tight junction antibodies and combustion metals, the role of barrier breakdown and brain immunity in neurodegeneration","author":"Calder\u00f3n-Garciduen\u00e3s","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref11","first-page":"76","article-title":"The stress acceleration hypothesis: effects of early-life adversity on emotion circuits and behavior","volume":"7","author":"Callaghan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci Development Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022051715203501400_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.181","article-title":"Toward understanding how early-life stress reprograms cognitive and emotional brain networks","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022051715203501400_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/02770900600701408","article-title":"A longitudinal analysis of the efficacy of environmental interventions on asthma-related quality of life and symptoms among children in urban public housing","volume":"43","author":"Clougherty","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"issue":"9","key":"2022051715203501400_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0900612","article-title":"A framework for examining social stress and susceptibility to air pollution in respiratory health","volume":"117","author":"Clougherty","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"8","key":"2022051715203501400_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9863","article-title":"Synergistic effects of traffic-related air pollution and exposure to violence on urban asthma etiology","volume":"115","author":"Clougherty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105933","article-title":"Fine particulate matter exposure during childhood relates to hemispheric-specific differences in brain structure","volume":"143","author":"Cserbik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00095","volume-title":"Severe urban outdoor air pollution and children\u2019s structural and functional brain development, from evidence to precautionary strategic action","author":"D\u2019Angiulli","year":"2018"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5479.591","article-title":"Dysfunction in the neural circuitry of emotion regulation\u2014a possible prelude to violence","volume":"289","author":"Davidson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.11.007","article-title":"The adaptive calibration model of stress responsivity","author":"Del Giudice","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref1b","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.03.014","article-title":"Diverging volumetric trajectories following pediatric traumatic brain injury","volume":"15","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clinical"},{"issue":"7","key":"2022051715203501400_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsz053","article-title":"Irritability and brain volume in adolescents: cross-sectional and longitudinal associations","volume":"14","author":"Dennis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"2022051715203501400_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9030","article-title":"Translocation of inhaled ultrafine manganese oxide particles to the central nervous system","volume":"114","author":"Elder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109291","article-title":"Ambient air pollution and incidence of early-onset paediatric type 1 diabetes: a retrospective population-based cohort study","volume":"184","author":"Elten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.63.7.591","article-title":"Modern robust statistical methods: an easy way to maximize the accuracy and power of your research","volume":"63","author":"Erceg-Hurn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"6068","key":"2022051715203501400_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1214463","article-title":"Abnormal brain structure implicated in stimulant drug addiction","volume":"335","author":"Ersche","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"2022051715203501400_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.07.008","article-title":"Adolescence as a sensitive period of brain development","volume":"19","author":"Fuhrmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022051715203501400_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.01.016","article-title":"Air pollution exposure during fetal life, brain morphology, and cognitive function in school-age children","volume":"84","author":"Guxens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022051715203501400_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.12.109","article-title":"The role of the right inferior frontal gyrus: inhibition and attentional control","volume":"50","author":"Hampshire","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7466","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0859-10.2010","article-title":"Early stress is associated with alterations in the orbitofrontal cortex: a tensor-based morphometry investigation of brain structure and behavioral risk","volume":"30","author":"Hanson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref29","volume-title":"Outdoor air pollution and brain structure and function from across childhood to young adulthood: a methodological review of brain MRI studies","author":"Herting","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2018.08.022","article-title":"Risk taking, decision-making, and brain volume in youth adopted internationally from institutional care","volume":"119","author":"Herzberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.10.086","article-title":"Unbiased tensor-based morphometry: improved robustness and sample size estimates for Alzheimer\u2019s disease clinical trials","volume":"66","author":"Hua","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022051715203501400_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20498","article-title":"Detecting brain growth patterns in normal children using tensor-based morphometry","volume":"30","author":"Hua","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.104927","article-title":"Prenatal and postnatal exposure to air pollution and emotional and aggressive symptoms in children from 8 European birth cohorts","volume":"131","author":"Jorcano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022051715203501400_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2007.06.012","article-title":"Human health effects on air pollution","volume":"151","author":"Kamppa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1802313","article-title":"Making neighborhood-disadvantage metrics accessible\u2014the neighborhood atlas","volume":"378","author":"Kind","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.11.024","article-title":"The impact of the severity of early life stress on diurnal cortisol: the role of puberty","volume":"77","author":"King","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref38","volume-title":"Neural stem cells respond to stress hormones: distinguishing beneficial from detrimental stress","author":"Koutmani","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022051715203501400_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.07.031","article-title":"Enhanced signal detection in neuroimaging by means of regional control of the global false discovery rate","volume":"38","author":"Langers","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref40","volume-title":"Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv","author":"Lepor\u00e9","year":"2007"},{"issue":"39","key":"2022051715203501400_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10797","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1605941113","article-title":"Magnetite pollution nanoparticles in the human brain","volume":"113","author":"Maher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"Supplement_2","key":"2022051715203501400_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17180","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121254109","article-title":"Brain on stress: How the social environment gets under the skin","volume":"109","author":"McEwen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"S1","key":"2022051715203501400_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S131","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300270","article-title":"Critical biological pathways for chronic psychosocial stress and research opportunities to advance the consideration of stress in chemical risk assessment","volume":"101","author":"McEwen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-010-0262-0","article-title":"Saliency, switching, attention and control: a network model of insula function","volume":"214","author":"Menon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpnec.2020.100015","article-title":"Air pollution is associated with elevated HPA-Axis response to stress in anxious adolescent girls","volume":"4","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2022051715203501400_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000714","article-title":"Fine particle air pollution and physiological reactivity to social stress in adolescence","volume":"81","author":"Miller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4269","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa057","article-title":"Early life stress, frontoamygdala connectivity, and biological aging in adolescence: a longitudinal investigation","volume":"30","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022051715203501400_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.0056","article-title":"Association of air pollution exposure with psychotic experiences during adolescence","volume":"76","author":"Newbury","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref49","article-title":"The (mis)estimation of neighborhood effects: causal inference for a practicable social epidemiology","author":"Oakes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.06.002","article-title":"Early life stress, air pollution, inflammation, and disease: an integrative review and immunologic model of social-environmental adversity and lifespan health","volume":"92","author":"Olvera Alvarez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13189","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons modifies the effects of early life stress on attention and thought problems in late childhood","volume":"61","author":"Pagliaccio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.9.933","article-title":"Prospective investigation of stress inoculation in young monkeys","volume":"61","author":"Parker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506571103","article-title":"Maternal mediation, stress inoculation, and the development of neuroendocrine stress resistance in primates","volume":"103","author":"Parker","year":"2006","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.08.076","article-title":"Cell death pathways of particulate matter toxicity","volume":"188","author":"Peixoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022051715203501400_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.57","article-title":"Effects of prenatal exposure to air pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) on the development of brain white matter, cognition, and behavior in later childhood","volume":"72","author":"Peterson","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiat"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022051715203501400_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP239","article-title":"Early exposure to traffic-related air pollution, respiratory symptoms at 4 years of age, and potential effect modification by parental allergy, stressful family events, and sex: a prospective follow-up study of the Paris birth cohort","volume":"125","author":"Ranci\u00e8re","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref57","volume-title":"Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation","author":"Ribbe","year":"1996"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109073","article-title":"Identifying critical windows of prenatal particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and early childhood blood pressure","volume":"182","author":"Rosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022051715203501400_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00048","article-title":"Age and gender as determinants of stress exposure, generation, and reactions in youngsters: a transactional perspective","volume":"70","author":"Rudolph","year":"1999","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022051715203501400_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002255","article-title":"Particulate matter-induced health effects: who is susceptible?","volume":"119","author":"Sacks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716002403","article-title":"Effects of early life stress on depression, cognitive performance, and brain morphology","volume":"47","author":"Saleh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022051715203501400_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2016.60","article-title":"Cortical abnormalities in adults and adolescents with major depression based on brain scans from 20 cohorts worldwide in the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder Working Group","volume":"22","author":"Schmaal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"30","key":"2022051715203501400_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12406","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812910106","article-title":"Parental stress increases the effect of traffic-related air pollution on childhood asthma incidence","volume":"106","author":"Shankardass","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37006","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP7679","article-title":"Assessing the distribution of air pollution health risks within cities: a neighborhood-scale analysis leveraging high-resolution data sets in the bay area, California","volume":"129","author":"Southerland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.12.003","article-title":"Personal exposure monitoring of PM2.5 in indoor and outdoor microenvironments","volume":"508","author":"Steinle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022051715203501400_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001792","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001792","article-title":"Association between traffic-related air pollution in schools and cognitive development in primary school children: a prospective Cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Sunyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022051715203501400_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190015","article-title":"Air pollution, stress, and allostatic load: linking systemic and central nervous system impacts","volume":"69","author":"Thomson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref1t","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref2t","volume":"71","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref68","article-title":"The superior longitudinal fasciculus in typically developing children and adolescents: diffusion tensor imaging and neuropsychological correlates","author":"Urger","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3762","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b05833","article-title":"Global estimates of fine particulate matter using a combined geophysical-statistical method with information from satellites, models, and monitors","volume":"50","author":"Donkelaar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06392","article-title":"Regional estimates of chemical composition of fine particulate matter using a combined geoscience-statistical method with information from satellites, models, and monitors","volume":"53","author":"Donkelaar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref71","volume-title":"Ambient air pollution: a global assessment of exposure and burden of disease","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022051715203501400_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabd4049","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abd4049","article-title":"Air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States: strengths and limitations of an ecological regression analysis","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Adv"}],"container-title":["Cerebral Cortex"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/32\/10\/2156\/43707150\/bhab346.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/32\/10\/2156\/43707150\/bhab346.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T18:35:08Z","timestamp":1652812508000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article\/32\/10\/2156\/6380063"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhab346","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-3211","1460-2199"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-3211","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2199","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]]}}}