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We tested this proposed neural division of labor in adults through an investigation of the consolidation and long-term retention of newly learned native vocabulary with post-learning functional neuroimaging. Newly learned items were compared with two conditions: 1) previously known items to highlight the similarities and differences with established vocabulary and 2) unknown\/untrained items to provide a control for non-specific perceptual and motor speech output. Consistent with the CLS, retrieval of newly learned items was supported by a combination of regions associated with episodic memory (including left hippocampus) and the language-semantic areas that support established vocabulary (left inferior frontal gyrus and left anterior temporal lobe). Furthermore, there was a shifting division of labor across these two networks in line with the items\u2019 consolidation status; faster naming was associated with more activation of language-semantic areas and lesser activation of episodic memory regions. Hippocampal activity during naming predicted more than half the variation in naming retention 6 months later.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T08:19:12Z","timestamp":1636100352000},"page":"3392-3405","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Direct neural evidence for the contrastive roles of the complementary learning systems in adult acquisition of native vocabulary"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6724-4603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine R","family":"Gore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology , School of Biological Sciences, , Manchester M13 9GB, UK"},{"name":"University of Manchester , School of Biological Sciences, , Manchester M13 9GB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7400-8094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna M","family":"Woollams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology , School of Biological Sciences, , Manchester M13 9GB, UK"},{"name":"University of Manchester , School of Biological Sciences, , Manchester M13 9GB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4826-1990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Bruehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology , School of Biological Sciences, , Manchester M13 9GB, UK"},{"name":"University of Manchester , School of Biological Sciences, , Manchester M13 9GB, UK"},{"name":"St Mauritius Rehabilitation Centre , , 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Meerbusch & Heinrich-Heine University , , 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany"},{"name":"Clinical and Cognitive Neurosciences , Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, , 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"RWTH Aachen University , Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, , 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1725-7948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajay D","family":"Halai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Cognition & Brain Sciences Unit , , Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK"},{"name":"University of Cambridge , , Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5907-2488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew A","family":"Lambon Ralph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Cognition & Brain Sciences Unit , , Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK"},{"name":"University of Cambridge , , Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022082409481948000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030500268902","article-title":"Decreasing and increasing cues in naming therapy for aphasia","volume":"19","author":"Abel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"2022082409481948000_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv022","article-title":"Therapy-induced brain reorganization patterns in aphasia","volume":"138","author":"Abel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2022082409481948000_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr119","article-title":"Atrophy, hypometabolism and white matter abnormalities in semantic dementia tell a coherent story","volume":"134","author":"Acosta-Cabronero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2022082409481948000_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser B"},{"key":"2022082409481948000_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp055","article-title":"Where is the semantic system? 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