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Laypersons and experts considered sentences for remorseful and remorseless defendants, respectively, with and without mitigation, in hypothetical murder cases. Two groups revealed no differential activation. However, dynamic causal modeling analysis found distinct patterns of connectivity associated with subjects\u2019 expertise and mitigating factors. In sentencing for remorseful defendants, laypersons showed increased strength in all bidirectional connections among activated regions of Brodmann area (BA) 32, BA23, the right posterior insula, and the precuneus. In contrast, legal experts sentenced based on mitigation reasoning, showed increased strength only in the bidirectional connection between the insula and the precuneus. When sentencing for remorseless ones without mitigation, both laypersons and experts increased the connection strength, but with reverse directionality, between regions; legal experts strengthened connectivity from BA10 to other regions, that is, the right anterior insula and BA23, but the directionality was reversed in laypersons. In addition, the strength of connection to BA32 and BA10 was correlated with changes in punishments by mitigating factors. This is a crucial result that establishes the validity of the connectivity estimates, which were uninformed by the independent (behavioral) differences in the severity of punishment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T12:09:16Z","timestamp":1637928556000},"page":"4304-4316","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effective connectivity and criminal sentencing decisions: dynamic causal models in laypersons and legal experts"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1004-6435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Asamizuya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Law and Politics , The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0035, Japan"},{"name":"Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences , Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-0041, 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