{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T20:35:56Z","timestamp":1772138156123,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004497","name":"Research Council of KU Leuven","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["C14\/17\/046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C14\/17\/046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004497","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Research Foundation Flanders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12T4818N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12T4818N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Recent prereading evidence demonstrates that white matter alterations are associated with dyslexia even before the onset of reading instruction. At the same time, remediation of reading difficulties is suggested to be most effective when provided as early as kindergarten, yet evidence is currently lacking on the early neuroanatomical changes associated with such preventive interventions. To address this open question, we investigated white matter changes following early literacy intervention in Dutch-speaking prereaders (aged 5\u20136 years) with an increased cognitive risk for developing dyslexia. Diffusion-weighted images were acquired before and after a 12-week digital intervention in three groups: (i) at-risk children receiving phonics-based training (n\u2009=\u200931); (ii) at-risk children engaging with active control training (n\u2009=\u200925); and (iii) typically developing children (n\u2009=\u200927) receiving no intervention. Following automated quantification of white matter tracts relevant for reading, we first examined baseline differences between at-risk and typically developing children, revealing bilateral dorsal and ventral differences. Longitudinal analyses showed that white matter properties changed within the course of the training; however, the absence of intervention-specific results suggests that these changes rather reflect developmental effects. This study contributes important first insights on the neurocognitive mechanisms of intervention that precedes formal reading onset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T07:08:54Z","timestamp":1639724934000},"page":"4684-4697","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Investigating the impact of early literacy training on white matter structure in prereaders at risk for dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8199-0234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Economou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group ExpORL , Department of Neurosciences, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences , 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6330-7331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shauni","family":"Van Herck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group ExpORL , Department of Neurosciences, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences , 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Femke","family":"Vanden Bempt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group ExpORL , Department of Neurosciences, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences , 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8994-7860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toivo","family":"Glatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group ExpORL , Department of Neurosciences, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences , 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, , 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Public Health , Corporate Member of Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin and Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, , 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0093-698X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Wouters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group ExpORL , Department of Neurosciences, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9056-7550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pol","family":"Ghesqui\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences , 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7106-8534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolijn","family":"Vanderauwera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group ExpORL , Department of Neurosciences, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Parenting and Special Education Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences , 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Psychological Sciences Research Institute , , 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain , , 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience , , 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain , , 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9928-1580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maaike","family":"Vandermosten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group ExpORL , Department of Neurosciences, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"2022110204474916400_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23241","article-title":"Arcuate fasciculus asymmetry has a hand in language function but not handedness","volume":"37","author":"Allendorfer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2022110204474916400_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.10.019","article-title":"An integrated approach to correction for off-resonance effects and subject movement in diffusion MR imaging","volume":"125","author":"Andersson","year":"2016","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022110204474916400_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00336-7","article-title":"How to correct susceptibility distortions in spin-echo echo-planar images: application to diffusion tensor imaging","volume":"20","author":"Andersson","year":"2003","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022110204474916400_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24410","article-title":"White matter alterations and tract lateralization in children with dyslexia and isolated spelling deficits","volume":"40","author":"Banfi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022110204474916400_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"2009","key":"2022110204474916400_ref6","first-page":"678","article-title":"\u201cTractometry\u201d \u2013 comprehensive multi-modal quantitative assessment of white matter along specific tracts","volume":"19","author":"Bells","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Int Soc Magn Reson Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022110204474916400_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2007.03.006","article-title":"White matter pathways in reading","volume":"17","author":"Ben-Shachar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022110204474916400_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-018-1813-z","article-title":"Microstructural properties of white matter pathways in relation to subsequent reading abilities in children: a longitudinal analysis","volume":"224","author":"Borchers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022110204474916400_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611434536","article-title":"Common patterns of prediction of literacy development in different alphabetic orthographies","volume":"23","author":"Caravolas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022110204474916400_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20319","article-title":"Perisylvian language networks of the human brain","volume":"57","author":"Catani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"43","key":"2022110204474916400_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17163","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702116104","article-title":"Symmetries in human brain language pathways correlate with verbal recall","volume":"104","author":"Catani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"March","key":"2022110204474916400_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.06.020","article-title":"Dimensionality reduction of diffusion MRI measures for improved tractometry of the human brain","volume":"200","author":"Chamberland","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022110204474916400_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74054-4","article-title":"Bundle analytics, a computational framework for investigating the shapes and profiles of brain pathways across populations","volume":"10","author":"Chandio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2022110204474916400_ref14","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988","edition":"2nd"},{"key":"2022110204474916400_ref15","article-title":"Randomizr: easy-to-use tools for common forms of random assignment and sampling","author":"Coppock","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022110204474916400_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.04.003","article-title":"The unique role of the visual word form area in reading","volume":"15","author":"Dehaene","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"October 2019","key":"2022110204474916400_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116552","article-title":"Early childhood development of white matter fiber density and morphology","volume":"210","author":"Dimond","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022110204474916400_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7757(03)00040-2","article-title":"Numeracy, literacy and earnings: evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth","volume":"22","author":"Dougherty","year":"2003","journal-title":"Econ Educ Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022110204474916400_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-020-02024-7","article-title":"Word learning reveals white matter plasticity in preschool children","volume":"225","author":"Ekerdt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"issue":"12","key":"2022110204474916400_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhm003","article-title":"Quantitative diffusion tensor tractography of association and projection fibers in normally developing children and adolescents","volume":"17","author":"Eluvathingal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022110204474916400_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-020-02062-1","article-title":"Association between diffusivity measures and language and cognitive-control abilities from early toddler\u2019s age to childhood","volume":"225","author":"Farah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022110204474916400_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.07.045","article-title":"Achievement gap in reading is present as early as first grade and persists through adolescence","volume":"167","author":"Ferrer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"iii","key":"2022110204474916400_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.09.005","article-title":"The anatomy of fronto-occipital connections from early blunt dissections to contemporary tractography","volume":"56","author":"Forkel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022110204474916400_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089900","article-title":"Effectiveness of treatment approaches for children and adolescents with reading disabilities: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"9","author":"Galuschka","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022110204474916400_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-011-0371-4","article-title":"Differences in integrity of white matter and changes with training in spelling impaired children: a diffusion tensor imaging study","volume":"217","author":"Gebauer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"2022110204474916400_ref26","article-title":"Design and structure of GraphoGame-Flemish, an app-based tool to support early reading acquisition","author":"Glatz","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022110204474916400_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-011-0246-1","article-title":"Anxiety and reading difficulties in early elementary school: evidence for unidirectional- or bi-directional relations?","volume":"43","author":"Grills-Taquechel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"7","key":"2022110204474916400_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00581","article-title":"Individual differences in crossmodal brain activity predict arcuate fasciculus connectivity in developing readers","volume":"26","author":"Gullick","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2022110204474916400_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00225.x","article-title":"Explicit phoneme training with phonic reading instructions helps young children at risk","volume":"43","author":"Hatcher","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022110204474916400_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008950108","article-title":"Neural systems predicting long-term outcome in dyslexia","volume":"108","author":"Hoeft","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022110204474916400_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04627-5","article-title":"Rapid and widespread white matter plasticity during an intensive reading intervention","volume":"9","author":"Huber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"August","key":"2022110204474916400_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118453","article-title":"Neurobiological underpinnings of rapid white matter plasticity during intensive reading instruction","volume":"243","author":"Huber","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2022110204474916400_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015","article-title":"FSL","volume":"62","author":"Jenkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2022110204474916400_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.11.025","article-title":"Diffusion properties of major white matter tracts in young, typically developing children","volume":"88","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022110204474916400_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-014-0975-6","article-title":"Plasticity of left Perisylvian white-matter tracts is associated with individual differences in math learning","volume":"221","author":"Jolles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"2022110204474916400_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-020-02210-7","article-title":"Speech rate association with cerebellar white - matter diffusivity in adults with persistent developmental stuttering","volume":"226","author":"Jossinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022110204474916400_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.10.018","article-title":"Altering cortical connectivity: remediation-induced changes in the white matter of poor readers","volume":"64","author":"Keller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"13","key":"2022110204474916400_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","article-title":"lmerTest package: tests in linear mixed effects models","volume":"82","author":"Kuznetsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"NOV","key":"2022110204474916400_ref39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs","volume":"4","author":"Lakens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022110204474916400_ref40","first-page":"1027","article-title":"White matter alterations in infants at risk for developmental dyslexia","volume":"27","author":"Langer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"11","key":"2022110204474916400_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20779","article-title":"Lateralization of the arcuate fasciculus from childhood to adulthood and its relation to cognitive abilities in children","volume":"30","author":"Lebel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022110204474916400_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2012.10.009","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging correlates of reading ability in dysfluent and non-impaired readers","volume":"125","author":"Lebel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022110204474916400_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2012.08.010","article-title":"Evaluating the components of an emergent literacy intervention for preschool children at risk for reading difficulties","volume":"114","author":"Lonigan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Child Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022110204474916400_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.1058","article-title":"Nonparametric permutation tests for functional neuroimaging: a primer with examples","volume":"15","author":"Nichols","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022110204474916400_ref44a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory","volume":"9","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022110204474916400_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1383","article-title":"Tackling the \u2018dyslexia paradox\u2019: reading brain and behavior for early markers of developmental dyslexia","volume":"7","author":"Ozernov-Palchik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2022110204474916400_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1668","article-title":"White matter but not grey matter predicts change in reading skills after intervention","volume":"27","author":"Partanen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022110204474916400_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112842","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia","volume":"11","author":"Peterson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"14","key":"2022110204474916400_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4497","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.25560","article-title":"Structural brain dynamics across reading development: a longitudinal MRI study from kindergarten to grade 5","volume":"42","author":"Phan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022110204474916400_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9924(01)00060-0","article-title":"Neurobiological studies of reading and reading disability","volume":"34","author":"Pugh","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Commun Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"2022110204474916400_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01763.x","article-title":"Very early phonological and language skills: estimating individual risk of reading disability","volume":"48","author":"Puolakanaho","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discipl"},{"key":"2022110204474916400_ref51","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022110204474916400_ref52","first-page":"1","article-title":"Making MR imaging child\u2019s play - Pediatric neuroimaging protocol, guidelines and procedure","volume":"29","author":"Raschle","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"2022110204474916400_ref53","volume-title":"Manual for Raven\u2019s progressive matrices and vocabulary scales","author":"Raven","year":"1984"},{"issue":"March","key":"2022110204474916400_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.04.004","article-title":"Global and regional white matter development in early childhood","volume":"196","author":"Reynolds","year":"2019","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022110204474916400_ref55","first-page":"39","article-title":"The GRAPHOGAME method: the theoretical and methodological background of the technology-enhanced learning environment for learning to read","volume":"10","author":"Richardson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Technol \u2013 Interdiscipl J Hum ICT Environ"},{"issue":"7","key":"2022110204474916400_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx131","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and reading disability: neuroanatomy and plasticity in response to intervention","volume":"28","author":"Romeo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022110204474916400_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.01.025","article-title":"Learning in the fast lane: new insights into neuroplasticity","volume":"73","author":"Sagi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"46","key":"2022110204474916400_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18035","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805234105","article-title":"Ventral and dorsal pathways for language","volume":"105","author":"Saur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"33","key":"2022110204474916400_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13251","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4383-12.2013","article-title":"Tracking the roots of reading ability: white matter volume and integrity correlate with phonological awareness in prereading and early-reading kindergarten children","volume":"33","author":"Saygin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2022110204474916400_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135645","article-title":"Development of neural systems for reading","volume":"30","author":"Schlaggar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2022110204474916400_ref61","volume-title":"GvK, Gedragsvragenlijst voor Kleuters: Handleiding","author":"Smidts","year":"2007"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022110204474916400_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10062","article-title":"Fast robust automated brain extraction","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"2022110204474916400_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051","article-title":"Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL","volume":"23","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022110204474916400_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.2010.02014.x","article-title":"Evidence-based interventions for reading and language difficulties: creating a virtuous circle","volume":"81","author":"Snowling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Educ Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022110204474916400_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-6984.2011.00081.x","article-title":"Interventions for children\u2019s language and literacy difficulties","volume":"47","author":"Snowling","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022110204474916400_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1598\/RRQ.21.4.1","article-title":"Matthew effects in reading: some consequences of individual differences in the acquisition of literacy","volume":"21","author":"Stanovich","year":"1986","journal-title":"Read Res Q"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022110204474916400_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-12-00156.1","article-title":"Using effect size\u2014or why the P value is not enough","volume":"4","author":"Sullivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Graduate Med Educ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022110204474916400_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094019","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging and resting-state functional MRI-scanning in 5- and 6-year-old children: training protocol and motion assessment","volume":"9","author":"Theys","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022110204474916400_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-016-1302-1","article-title":"White matter properties differ in 6-year old readers and pre-readers","volume":"222","author":"Travis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"2022110204474916400_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2020.100893","article-title":"Imaging the rapidly developing brain: current challenges for MRI studies in the first five years of life","volume":"47","author":"Turesky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022110204474916400_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009626828789","article-title":"Students with learning disabilities and low-achieving students: peer acceptance, loneliness, self-esteem, and depression","volume":"3","author":"Valas","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soc Psychol Educ"},{"issue":"October 2020","key":"2022110204474916400_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118087","article-title":"A three-time point longitudinal investigation of the arcuate fasciculus throughout reading acquisition in children developing dyslexia","volume":"237","author":"Van Der Auwera","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2022110204474916400_ref73","first-page":"1\u201312","article-title":"Ahead of maturation: enhanced speech envelope training boosts rise time discrimination in pre-readers at cognitive risk for dyslexia","volume-title":"Dev Sci.","author":"Van Herck","year":"2021"},{"issue":"September","key":"2022110204474916400_ref74","first-page":"1","article-title":"Digital game-based phonics instruction promotes print knowledge in pre-readers at cognitive risk for dyslexia","volume":"12","author":"Vanden Bempt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2022110204474916400_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22848","article-title":"Disentangling the relation between left temporoparietal white matter and reading: a spherical deconvolution tractography study","volume":"36","author":"Vanderauwera","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"June","key":"2022110204474916400_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.08.003","article-title":"Early dynamics of white matter deficits in children developing dyslexia","volume":"27","author":"Vanderauwera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"February","key":"2022110204474916400_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2018.05.007","article-title":"Neural organization of ventral white matter tracts parallels the initial steps of reading development: a DTI tractography study","volume":"183","author":"Vanderauwera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022110204474916400_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr363","article-title":"A tractography study in dyslexia: neuroanatomic correlates of orthographic, phonological and speech processing","volume":"135","author":"Vandermosten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022110204474916400_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.04.002","article-title":"A qualitative and quantitative review of diffusion tensor imaging studies in reading and dyslexia","volume":"36","author":"Vandermosten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2022110204474916400_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.05.006","article-title":"A DTI tractography study in pre-readers at risk for dyslexia","volume":"14","author":"Vandermosten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2022110204474916400_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2016.06.007","article-title":"Integrating MRI brain imaging studies of pre-reading children with current theories of developmental dyslexia: a review and quantitative meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Vandermosten","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci"},{"issue":"January","key":"2022110204474916400_ref82","article-title":"Computer-supported early literacy intervention effects in preschool and kindergarten: a meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Verhoeven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educ Res Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022110204474916400_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-020-00207-9","article-title":"Pre-literacy heterogeneity in Dutch-speaking kindergartners: latent profile analysis","volume":"70","author":"Verwimp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Dyslexia"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022110204474916400_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.02.049","article-title":"Reproducibility of quantitative tractography methods applied to cerebral white matter","volume":"36","author":"Wakana","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"September 2016","key":"2022110204474916400_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2017.10.008","article-title":"Brain white matter structure and language ability in preschool-aged children","volume":"176","author":"Walton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022110204474916400_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2012.12.005","article-title":"Biological development of reading circuits","volume":"23","author":"Wandell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022110204474916400_ref87","first-page":"2469","article-title":"Development of tract-specific white matter pathways during early reading development in at-risk children and typical controls","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022110204474916400_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.2007.12087917","article-title":"Research-based implications from extensive early reading interventions","volume":"36","author":"Wanzek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sch Psychol Rev"},{"key":"2022110204474916400_ref88a","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2021.04.007","article-title":"White matter microstructure alterations in cortico-striatal networks are associated with parkinsonism in schizophrenia spectrum disorders","volume":"50","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2022110204474916400_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00061","article-title":"Anatomical properties of the arcuate fasciculus predict phonological and reading skills in children","volume":"23","author":"Yeatman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"44","key":"2022110204474916400_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1206792109","article-title":"Development of white matter and reading skills","volume":"109","author":"Yeatman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"11","key":"2022110204474916400_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049790","article-title":"Tract profiles of white matter properties: automating Fiber-tract quantification","volume":"7","author":"Yeatman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022110204474916400_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2012.04.010","article-title":"Anatomy of the visual word form area: adjacent cortical circuits and long-range white matter connections","volume":"125","author":"Yeatman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"2022110204474916400_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.11.027","article-title":"Spurious group differences due to head motion in a diffusion MRI study","volume":"88","author":"Yendiki","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022110204474916400_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3045","article-title":"Plasticity in gray and white: neuroimaging changes in brain structure during learning","volume":"15","author":"Zatorre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2022110204474916400_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.04.080","article-title":"Language-general and -specific white matter microstructural bases for reading","volume":"98","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022110204474916400_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12983","article-title":"Multifactorial pathways facilitate resilience among kindergarteners at risk for dyslexia: a longitudinal behavioral and neuroimaging study","volume":"24","author":"Zuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Sci"}],"container-title":["Cerebral Cortex"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/32\/21\/4684\/46577406\/bhab510.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/32\/21\/4684\/46577406\/bhab510.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T00:49:48Z","timestamp":1667350188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article\/32\/21\/4684\/6512350"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhab510","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.742393008.793596433","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1047-3211","1460-2199"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-3211","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2199","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]}}}