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Importantly, the maturation of voluntary control processes influences the developmental trajectories of several key cognitive domains, including executive function and emotion regulation. Understanding the maturation of voluntary control is therefore of fundamental importance, but little is known about the underlying causal functional circuit mechanisms. Here, we use state-space and control-theoretic modeling to investigate the maturation of causal signaling mechanisms underlying voluntary control over saccades. We demonstrate that directed causal interactions in a canonical saccade network undergo significant maturation between childhood and adulthood. Crucially, we show that the frontal eye field (FEF) is an immature causal signaling hub in children during control over saccades. Using control-theoretic analysis, we then demonstrate that the saccade network is less controllable in children and that greater energy is required to drive FEF dynamics in children compared to adults. Our findings provide novel evidence that strengthening of causal signaling hubs and controllability of FEF are key mechanisms underlying age-related improvements in the ability to plan and execute voluntary control over saccades.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T04:12:36Z","timestamp":1643256756000},"page":"4746-4762","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Developmental maturation of causal signaling hubs in voluntary control of saccades and their functional controllability"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9157-5544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , , Stanford, CA 94305 , USA"},{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine , , Stanford, CA 94305 , 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