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To investigate this cognitive phenomenon in a precise manner, we used frequency-tagging to separate neural auditory steady-state responses (ASSRs) that can be traced back to each auditory stimulus, from the neural mix elicited by multiple simultaneous sounds. Using a mixture of 2 frequency-tagged melody streams, we instructed participants to selectively attend to one stream or the other while following the development of the pitch contour. Bottom-up attention towards either stream was also manipulated with salient changes in pitch. Distributed source analyses of magnetoencephalography measurements showed that the effect of ASSR enhancement from top-down driven attention was strongest at the left frontal cortex, while that of bottom-up driven attention was dominant at the right temporal cortex. Furthermore, the degree of ASSR suppression from simultaneous stimuli varied across cortical lobes and hemisphere. The ASSR source distribution changes from temporal-dominance during single-stream perception, to proportionally more activity in the frontal and centro-parietal cortical regions when listening to simultaneous streams. These findings are a step forward to studying cognition in more complex and naturalistic soundscapes using frequency-tagging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac260","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,20]],"date-time":"2022-07-20T20:08:54Z","timestamp":1658347734000},"page":"3053-3066","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Steady-state responses to concurrent melodies: source distribution, top-down, and bottom-up attention"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9339-3402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cassia Low","family":"Manting","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm 17177 , Sweden"},{"name":"Cognitive Neuroimaging Centre (CoNiC) , Lee Kong Chien School of Medicine, , Singapore 636921 , Singapore"},{"name":"Nanyang Technological University , Lee Kong Chien School of Medicine, , Singapore 636921 , 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