{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T14:02:15Z","timestamp":1785679335971,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]],"date-time":"2022-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China","award":["202007030011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202007030011"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010838","name":"Guangdong Planning Office of Philosophy and Social Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GD19CXL05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GD19CXL05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010838","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Reading disability (RD) can manifest itself as a word decoding problem or a reading comprehension problem. In the current study, we identified 3 subtypes of RD: poor decoders (PD), poor comprehenders (PC), and poor-in-both (PB). We found that PD had greater deficits in meta-linguistic skills such as phonological awareness, orthographic skills, and morphological skills than PC, whereas PC had greater deficits in listening comprehension than PD. In the brain, we also found different patterns of deficits during an auditory rhyming judgment task using functional magnetic resonance imaging. PD showed less activation than PC and age controls in the left dorsal inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and pre-supplementary motor area (SMA), brain activation of which was correlated with phonological awareness and working memory. In contrast, PC showed less activation in the left fusiform gyrus than PD and age controls, which was correlated with reading comprehension fluency and morphological skill. Last, PB showed both PD\u2019s and PC\u2019s deficits, as well as additional deficits in the bilateral lingual gyri. Our findings contribute to revealing different neural signatures of poor decoding and poor comprehension, which are distinct disorders but co-occur very often. These findings implicate possibility and necessity of precise diagnosis and individualized intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T13:09:26Z","timestamp":1658149766000},"page":"3239-3254","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Distinct neural correlates of poor decoding and poor comprehension in children with reading disability"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7086-3520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoyan","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology , Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Outer Ring Road, University Town, Panyu Ddiatrict, Guangzhou, 510006 , China"},{"name":"School of Management , Guangzhou Xinhua University, 19 Huamei Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510520 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education Science , Xinyang Normal University, 237 Nanhu Road, Xinyang, 464000 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linling","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology , Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Outer Ring Road, University Town, Panyu Ddiatrict, Guangzhou, 510006 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Teaching and Learning , College of Arts, Sciences and Education, Florida International University (retired professor), Miami, FL 33199 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology , Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Outer Ring Road, University Town, Panyu Ddiatrict, Guangzhou, 510006 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology , Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Outer Ring Road, University Town, Panyu Ddiatrict, Guangzhou, 510006 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology , Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Outer Ring Road, University Town, Panyu Ddiatrict, Guangzhou, 510006 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology , the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543067004461","article-title":"The impending demise of the discrepancy formula","volume":"67","author":"Aaron","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev Educ Res"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1044\/persp2.SIG1.71","article-title":"Understanding word reading difficulties in children with SLI","volume":"2","author":"Adlof","year":"2017","journal-title":"Perspect ASHA Spec Interest Groups"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_JSLHR-20-00118","article-title":"Promoting reading achievement in children with developmental language disorders: what can we learn from research on specific language impairment and dyslexia?","volume":"63","author":"Adlof","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219410369067","article-title":"Kindergarten predictors of second versus eighth grade reading comprehension impairments","volume":"43","author":"Adlof","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3507","DOI":"10.1044\/2017_JSLHR-L-16-0473","article-title":"Identifying children at risk for language impairment or dyslexia with group-administered measures","volume":"60","author":"Adlof","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-005-0003-x","article-title":"Does a visual-orthographic deficit contribute to reading disability?","volume":"55","author":"Badian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Dyslexia"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-015-0114-y","article-title":"Anomalous gray matter patterns in specific reading comprehension deficit are independent of dyslexia","volume":"66","author":"Bailey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Dyslexia"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2572","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21384","article-title":"What's the story? The tale of reading fluency told at speed","volume":"33","author":"Benjamin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1990.tb00844.x","article-title":"A prospective study of the relationship between specific language impairment, phonological disorders, and reading retardation","volume":"31","author":"Bishop","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp308","article-title":"Deviant processing of letters and speech sounds as proximate cause of reading failure: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of dyslexic children","volume":"133","author":"Blau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain J Neurol"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2006.04.003","article-title":"Deficient implicit phonological representations in children with dyslexia","volume":"95","author":"Boada","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Child Psychol"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20124","article-title":"Cross-cultural effect on the brain revisited: universal structures plus writing system variation","volume":"25","author":"Bolger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.07.024","article-title":"Differential effects of orthographic and phonological consistency in cortex for children with and without reading impairment","volume":"46","author":"Bolger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.08.015","article-title":"Children with reading disorder show modality independent brain abnormalities during semantic tasks","volume":"45","author":"Booth","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1162\/089892900562309","article-title":"The role of segmentation in phonological processing: an fMRI investigation","volume":"12","author":"Burton","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","article-title":"Profiles of children with specific reading comprehension difficulties","author":"Cain K.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.96.1.31","article-title":"Children\u2019s reading comprehension ability: concurrent prediction by working memory, verbal ability and component skills","author":"Cain","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01684.x","article-title":"Deficient orthographic and phonological representations in children with dyslexia revealed by brain activation patterns","volume":"47","author":"Cao","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhp186","article-title":"Cultural constraints on brain development: evidence from a developmental study of visual word processing in Mandarin Chinese","volume":"20","author":"Cao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.09.047","article-title":"Development of brain networks involved in spoken word processing of Mandarin Chinese","volume":"57","author":"Cao","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22017","article-title":"Writing affects the brain network of reading in Chinese: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"34","author":"Cao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12245","article-title":"The brain adapts to orthography with experience: evidence from English and Chinese","volume":"18","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2016.11.051","article-title":"Neural signatures of phonological deficits in Chinese developmental dyslexia","volume":"146","author":"Cao","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00490","article-title":"Brain mechanisms underlying visuo-orthographic deficits in children with developmental dyslexia","volume":"12","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","article-title":"Reading disability in Chinese children learning English as an L2","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e126","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13452","article-title":"Reading disability in Chinese children learning English as an L2","volume":"92","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532799xssr0304_2","article-title":"Language basis of reading and reading disabilities: evidence from a longitudinal investigation","volume":"3","author":"Catts","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sci Stud Read"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/002221940303600208","article-title":"Subgrouping poor readers on the basis of individual differences in reading-related abilities","volume":"36","author":"Catts","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2005\/096)","article-title":"Are specific language impairment and dyslexia distinct disorders?","volume":"48","author":"Catts","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2006\/023)","article-title":"Language deficits in poor comprehenders: a case for the simple view of reading","volume":"49","author":"Catts","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","article-title":"Reading acquisition in children: developmental processes and dyslexia-specific effects","author":"Chyl","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797610375449","article-title":"Ameliorating children's reading-comprehension difficulties: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Clarke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.09.019","article-title":"Modality effects in verbal working memory: differential prefrontal and parietal responses to auditory and visual stimuli","volume":"21","author":"Crottaz-Herbette","year":"2004","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2012.0116","article-title":"Not all reading disabilities are dyslexia: distinct neurobiology of specific comprehension deficits","volume":"3","author":"Cutting","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Connect"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1162\/089892901753294356","article-title":"When keeping in mind supports later bringing to mind: neural markers of phonological rehearsal predict subsequent remembering","volume":"13","author":"Davachi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.05.004","article-title":"The neural code for written words: a proposal","volume":"9","author":"Dehaene","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-019-9296-7","article-title":"The impact of expressive language development and the left inferior longitudinal fasciculus on listening and reading comprehension","volume":"11","author":"Del Tufo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurodev Disord"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-021-00213-5","article-title":"Suprasegmental but not segmental phonological awareness matters in understanding bilingual reading comprehension difficulties in Chinese and English: a 3-year longitudinal study","volume":"71","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Dyslexia"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.07.097","article-title":"Children with reading difficulties show differences in brain regions associated with orthographic processing during spoken language processing","author":"Desroches","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2012.12.001","article-title":"Longitudinal stability and predictors of poor oral comprehenders and poor decoders","volume":"115","author":"Elwer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Exp Child Psychol"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1177\/0142723719830868","article-title":"Poor oral discourse skills are the key cognitive-linguistic weakness of Chinese poor comprehenders: a three-year longitudinal study","volume":"39","author":"Fong","year":"2019","journal-title":"First Lang"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219414538513","article-title":"The contributions of phonological and morphological awareness to literacy skills in the adult basic education population","volume":"49","author":"Fracasso","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","first-page":"3459","article-title":"fMRI during word processing in dyslexic and normal reading children. Neuroreport: an international journal for the rapid communication of research","volume":"10","author":"Georgiewa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhi024","article-title":"Common and dissociable activation patterns associated with controlled semantic and phonological processing: evidence from FMRI adaptation","volume":"15","author":"Gold","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/074193258600700104","article-title":"Decoding, reading, and reading disability","volume":"7","author":"Gough","year":"1986","journal-title":"Remedial Spec Educ"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2019.101783","article-title":"Direct and indirect contributions of executive function to word decoding and reading comprehension in kindergarten","volume":"76","author":"Haft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Learn Individ Differ"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.10.025","article-title":"Possible roles for fronto-striatal circuits in reading disorder","volume":"72","author":"Hancock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.01.009","article-title":"Specialisation in Broca's region for semantic, phonological, and syntactic fluency?","volume":"40","author":"Heim","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025016322316","article-title":"Development of phonological awareness of Chinese children in Hong Kong","volume":"26","author":"Ho","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Psycholinguist Res"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10700","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4931-05.2006","article-title":"Neural basis of dyslexia: a comparison between dyslexic and nondyslexic children equated for reading ability","volume":"26","author":"Hoeft","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1044\/0161-1461(2005\/029)","article-title":"The relationship between phonological awareness and reading: implications for the assessment of phonological awareness","volume":"36","author":"Hogan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2014.904441","article-title":"On the importance of listening comprehension","volume":"16","author":"Hogan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Speech Lang Pathol"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00401799","article-title":"The simple view of reading","volume":"2","author":"Hoover","year":"1990","journal-title":"Read Writ"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.09.002","article-title":"Overlapping neural circuitry for narrative comprehension and proficient reading in children and adolescents","volume":"51","author":"Horowitz-Kraus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.05.034","article-title":"Involvement of the right hemisphere in reading comprehension: a DTI study","volume":"1582","author":"Horowitz-Kraus","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)00641-W","article-title":"Phonological awareness and visual skills in learning to read Chinese and English","volume":"54","author":"Huang","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04627-5","article-title":"Rapid and widespread white matter plasticity during an intensive reading intervention","volume":"9","author":"Huber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2004\/014)","article-title":"FMRI brain activation in a finnish family with specific language impairment compared with a normal control group","volume":"47","author":"Hugdahl","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9817.2011.01498.x","article-title":"Very early language skills of fifth-grade poor Comprehenders","volume":"36","author":"Justice","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Res Read"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr094","article-title":"Brain basis of phonological awareness for spoken language in children and its disruption in dyslexia","volume":"22","author":"Kovelman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","article-title":"Understanding specific reading comprehension deficit: a review. Lang linguist","volume":"11","author":"Landi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compass"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht330","article-title":"The neural correlates of reading fluency deficits in children","volume":"25","author":"Langer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.05.003","article-title":"Early development and predictors of morphological awareness: disentangling the impact of decoding skills and phonological awareness","volume":"67","author":"Law","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt162","article-title":"The role of the posterior cingulate cortex in cognition and disease","volume":"137","author":"Leech","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain J Neurol"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02311.x","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of reading development and impairment from ages 3 to 8 years in Chinese children","volume":"52","author":"Lei","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9924(02)00120-X","article-title":"Anatomical risk factors that distinguish dyslexia from SLI predict reading skill in normal children","volume":"35","author":"Leonard","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Commun Disord"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2009.02185.x","article-title":"Vocabulary knowledge is a critical determinant of the difference in reading comprehension growth between first and second language learners","volume":"51","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2013.06.004","article-title":"Chinese dyslexics show neural differences in morphological processing","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2676","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23202","article-title":"Dyslexic brain activation abnormalities in deep and shallow orthographies: a meta-analysis of 28 functional neuroimaging studies","volume":"37","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2019.0728","article-title":"Neural bases of phonological and semantic processing in early childhood","volume":"10","author":"Mathur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Connect"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2004.05.001","article-title":"Levels of phonological awareness in three cultures","volume":"89","author":"McBride-Chang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Child Psychol"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219411400748","article-title":"Specific reading difficulties in Chinese, English, or both: longitudinal markers of phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and RAN in Hong Kong Chinese children","volume":"45","author":"McBride-Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2004\/017)","article-title":"Hidden language impairments in children: parallels between poor reading comprehension and specific language impairment?","volume":"47","author":"Nation","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2010.02254.x","article-title":"A longitudinal investigation of early reading and language skills in children with poor reading comprehension","volume":"51","author":"Nation","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2017.08.002","article-title":"White matter microstructure integrity in relation to reading proficiency","volume":"174","author":"Nikki Arrington","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(71)90067-4","article-title":"The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory","volume":"9","author":"Oldfield","year":"1971","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/11.12.1150","article-title":"Task-dependency of the neural correlates of episodic encoding as measured by fMRI","volume":"11","author":"Otten","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117570","article-title":"Distinct neural substrates of individual differences in components of reading comprehension in adults with or without dyslexia","volume":"226","author":"Ozernov-Palchik","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12356","article-title":"On the relationship between phonological awareness, morphological awareness and Chinese literacy skills: evidence from an 8-year longitudinal study","volume":"19","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198791","article-title":"Brain basis of cognitive resilience: prefrontal cortex predicts better reading comprehension in relation to decoding","volume":"13","author":"Patael","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/71163","article-title":"A cultural effect on brain function","volume":"3","author":"Paulesu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhk037","article-title":"Group intervention changes brain activity in bilingual language-impaired children","volume":"17","author":"Pihko","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1999.0441","article-title":"Functional specialization for semantic and phonological processing in the left inferior prefrontal cortex","volume":"10","author":"Poldrack","year":"1999","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.04.001","article-title":"The interactive account of ventral occipitotemporal contributions to reading","volume":"15","author":"Price","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2779(2000)6:3<207::AID-MRDD8>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"Functional neuroimaging studies of reading and reading disability (developmental dyslexia)","volume":"6","author":"Pugh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","volume-title":"Manual for Raven's progressive matrices and vocabulary scales","author":"Raven","year":"2004"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00120","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia: dysfunction of a left hemisphere reading network","volume":"6","author":"Richlan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.02.040","article-title":"Meta-analyzing brain dysfunctions in dyslexic children and adults","volume":"56","author":"Richlan","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2018.08.001","article-title":"Cortical regions supporting reading comprehension skill for single words and discourse","volume":"186","author":"Ryherd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135645","article-title":"Development of neural systems for reading","volume":"30","author":"Schlaggar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.98.1.122","article-title":"Understanding chinese developmental dyslexia: morphological awareness as a core cognitive construct","volume":"98","author":"Shu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Educ Psychol"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02865","article-title":"Biological abnormality of impaired reading is constrained by culture","volume":"431","author":"Siok","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13140","article-title":"Dyslexia and developmental language disorder: comorbid disorders with distinct effects on reading comprehension","volume":"61","author":"Snowling","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12190","article-title":"Tracing children's vocabulary development from preschool through the school-age years: an 8-year longitudinal study","volume":"18","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Sci"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/ldrp.12024","article-title":"Specific reading comprehension disability: major problem, myth, or misnomer?","volume":"29","author":"Spencer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Learn Disabil Res Pract"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2019.1643868","article-title":"Considering the role of executive function in reading comprehension: a structural equation modeling approach","volume":"24","author":"Spencer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Stud Read"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20134","article-title":"Neuroanatomical correlates of phonological processing of Chinese characters and alphabetic words: a meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Tan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219414555415","article-title":"Examining the relationships of component reading skills to reading comprehension in struggling adult readers: a meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Tighe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.05.021","article-title":"Children with dyslexia lack multiple specializations along the visual word-form (VWF) system","volume":"47","author":"Mark","year":"2009","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.10.002","article-title":"The left occipitotemporal system in reading: disruption of focal fMRI connectivity to left inferior frontal and inferior parietal language areas in children with dyslexia","volume":"54","author":"Mark","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2013.03.010","article-title":"Distinct neural signatures of cognitive subtypes of dyslexia with and without phonological deficits","volume":"2","author":"Ermingen-Marbach","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2015.10.003","article-title":"Structural alterations of the language connectome in children with specific language impairment","volume":"151","author":"Vydrova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-15-19","article-title":"A coordinate-based ALE functional MRI meta-analysis of brain activation during verbal fluency tasks in healthy control subjects","volume":"15","author":"Wagner","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21101","article-title":"Reading skill is related to individual differences in brain structure in college students","volume":"32","author":"Welcome","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.06.047","article-title":"A meta-analysis of fMRI studies on Chinese orthographic, phonological, and semantic processing","volume":"63","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.69523","article-title":"Convergent and divergent brain structural and functional abnormalities associated with developmental dyslexia","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"elife"},{"key":"2023031514010712000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107777","article-title":"A hierarchical deficit model of reading disability: evidence from dynamic causal modelling analysis","volume":"154","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"}],"container-title":["Cerebral Cortex"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/33\/6\/3239\/49500861\/bhac272.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/33\/6\/3239\/49500861\/bhac272.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T18:09:13Z","timestamp":1700849353000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article\/33\/6\/3239\/6633915"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhac272","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-3211","1460-2199"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-3211","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2199","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,15]]}}}