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However, previous studies have failed to consider specific abnormalities in receiving and outputting information among frequency bands during integration. Here, we investigated heterogeneity in receiving and outputting information during cross-frequency integration in patients. The results showed that during cross-frequency integration, information interaction first increased and then decreased, manifesting in the heterogeneous distribution of inter-frequency nodes for receiving information. A possible explanation was that due to damage to some inter-frequency hub nodes, intra-frequency nodes gradually became new inter-frequency nodes, whereas original inter-frequency nodes gradually became new inter-frequency hub nodes. Notably, damage to the brain regions that receive information between layers was often accompanied by a strengthened ability to output information and the emergence of hub nodes for outputting information. Moreover, an important compensatory mechanism assisted in the reception of information in the cingulo-opercular and auditory networks and in the outputting of information in the visual network. This study revealed specific abnormalities in information interaction and compensatory mechanism during cross-frequency integration, providing important evidence for understanding cross-frequency integration in patients with MCI and AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T04:44:04Z","timestamp":1663217044000},"page":"4230-4247","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Abnormal information interaction in multilayer directed network based on cross-frequency integration of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Jiayue","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology , No. 209, University Street, Jinzhong, Shanxi, 030600 , 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