{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:17:52Z","timestamp":1792793872127,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]],"date-time":"2022-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP18K02589"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP18K02589"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Institute of Human Culture Studies Otsuma Women\u2019s University","award":["K1922"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K1922"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012322w18","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We examined the structural neuroplastic changes associated with the learning of computer programming in university students with no previous programming experience. They participated in a 15-week course (26 lessons) on the \u201cProcessing\u201d computer programming language. We have conducted a longitudinal analysis of gray matter volume (GMV) in the magnetic resonance images obtained before and after learning computer programming. Significant neuroplastic changes appeared in the following 8 sites: the left frontal pole; the right frontal pole; the right medial frontal gyrus; the left cuneus; the left lateral cerebellum (posterior lobule and tuber); the medial cerebellum (uvula and tonsil); the right pallidum; and the left pallidum. The amount of change in the GMV of the right frontal pole correlated positively with the final product score. Furthermore, the amount of change in the GMV of the right medial frontal gyrus and the bilateral pallidum correlated positively with the test scores. Thus, the right frontal pole was presumably associated with the function of persistent attempts to accomplish tasks (goal achievement-related function). The right medial frontal gyrus and the bilateral pallidum were presumably related to deduction and reward functions, respectively. Therefore, multiple brain regions appear to be involved in programming learning through different functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T09:10:15Z","timestamp":1664961015000},"page":"5375-5381","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Structural neuroplasticity in computer programming beginners"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Takeshi","family":"Hongo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Information Studies, Otsuma Women\u2019s University , 12 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8357, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Advanced Neuroimaging , Integrative Brain Imaging Centre, , 4-4 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8501, Japan"},{"name":"National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry , Integrative Brain Imaging Centre, , 4-4 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takao","family":"Yakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Denki University , 5 senjyu Asahi-cho, Adachi-ku, Tokyo 120-855, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Advanced Neuroimaging , Integrative Brain Imaging Centre, , 4-4 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8501, Japan"},{"name":"National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry , Integrative Brain Imaging Centre, , 4-4 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Yoshinaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Neuroanatomy and Neuroimaging, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku , Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Advanced Neuroimaging , Integrative Brain Imaging Centre, , 4-4 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8501, Japan"},{"name":"National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry , Integrative Brain Imaging Centre, , 4-4 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiharu","family":"Kano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Media Creation, Kyoto Seika University , 137 Kino-cho, Iwakura, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8588, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michiko","family":"Miyazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Information Studies, Otsuma Women\u2019s University , 12 Sanbancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8357, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Hanakawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Neuroanatomy and Neuroimaging, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku , Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Advanced Neuroimaging , Integrative Brain Imaging Centre, , 4-4 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8501, Japan"},{"name":"National Centre of Neurology and Psychiatry , Integrative Brain Imaging Centre, , 4-4 Ogawahigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023050206054715100_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929054475226","article-title":"Functional specialization within the medial frontal gyrus for perceptual Go\/No-Go decisions based on \u201cWhat,\u201d \u201cWhen,\u201d and \u201cWhere\u201d related information: an fMRI study","volume":"17","author":"Ardesheer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023050206054715100_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2017.11.005","article-title":"Frontal cortex and the hierarchical control of behavior","volume":"22","author":"Badre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023050206054715100_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.05.014","article-title":"How green is the grass on the other side? 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