{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T22:44:05Z","timestamp":1782254645097,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Within the first years of life, children learn major aspects of their native language. However, the ability to process complex sentence structures, a core faculty in human language called syntax, emerges only slowly. A milestone in syntax acquisition is reached around the age of 4\u00a0years, when children learn a variety of syntactic concepts. Here, we ask which maturational changes in the child\u2019s brain underlie the emergence of syntactically complex sentence processing around this critical age. We relate markers of cortical brain maturation to 3- and 4-year-olds\u2019 sentence processing in contrast to other language abilities. Our results show that distinct cortical brain areas support sentence processing in the two age groups. Sentence production abilities at 3\u00a0years were associated with increased surface area in the most posterior part of the left superior temporal sulcus, whereas 4-year-olds showed an association with cortical thickness in the left posterior part of Broca\u2019s area, i.e. BA44. The present findings suggest that sentence processing abilities rely on the maturation of distinct cortical regions in 3- compared to 4-year-olds. The observed shift to more mature regions involved in processing syntactically complex sentences may underlie behavioral milestones in syntax acquisition at around 4\u00a0years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T09:09:58Z","timestamp":1665479398000},"page":"5426-5435","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Children\u2019s syntax is supported by the maturation of BA44 at 4\u00a0years, but of the posterior STS at 3\u00a0years of age"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Cheslie C","family":"Klein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Department of Neuropsychology, , Stephanstra\u00dfe 1a, Leipzig 04103 , Germany"},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Research Group Milestones of Early Cognitive Development, , Stephanstra\u00dfe 1a, Leipzig 04103 , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Department of Neuropsychology, , Stephanstra\u00dfe 1a, Leipzig 04103 , Germany"},{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Research Group Milestones of Early Cognitive Development, , Stephanstra\u00dfe 1a, Leipzig 04103 , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Goucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Department of Neuropsychology, , Stephanstra\u00dfe 1a, Leipzig 04103 , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela D","family":"Friederici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Department of Neuropsychology, , Stephanstra\u00dfe 1a, Leipzig 04103 , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Grosse Wiesmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Research Group Milestones of Early Cognitive Development, , Stephanstra\u00dfe 1a, Leipzig 04103 , Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023050206061229700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1017\/S030500099900375X","article-title":"Acquiring basic word order: evidence for data-driven learning of syntactic structure","volume":"26","author":"Akhtar","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Child Lang"},{"key":"2023050206061229700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2007.06.004","article-title":"Symmetric diffeomorphic image registration with cross-correlation: evaluating automated labeling of elderly and neurodegenerative brain","volume":"12","author":"Avants","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"key":"2023050206061229700_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/016909697386628","article-title":"On the inseparability of grammar and the lexicon: evidence from acquisition, aphasia and real-time processing","volume":"12","author":"Bates","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lang Cogn Process"},{"key":"2023050206061229700_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1113380109","article-title":"At 6-9 months, human infants know the meanings of many common nouns","volume":"109","author":"Bergelson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2023050206061229700_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2235-21.2022","article-title":"Maturational indices of the cognitive control network are associated with inhibitory control in early childhood","volume":"42","author":"Berger","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023050206061229700_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12892","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12892","article-title":"Syntactic representations are both abstract and semantically constrained: evidence from children\u2019s and adults\u2019 comprehension and production\/priming of the English passive","volume":"44","author":"Bidgood","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2023050206061229700_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.01.032","article-title":"Who did what to whom? 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