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During childhood and adolescence, NSS are examined for functional motor phenotyping to describe development, to screen for comorbidities, and to identify developmental vulnerabilities. Here, we investigate underlying brain structure alterations in association with NSS in physically trained adolescents. Male adolescent athletes (n\u2009=\u2009136, 13\u201316 years) underwent a standardized neurological examination including 28 tests grouped into 6 functional clusters. Non-optimal performance in at least 1 cluster was rated as NSS (NSS+ group). Participants underwent T1- and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Cortical volume, thickness, and local gyrification were calculated using Freesurfer. Measures of white matter microstructure (Free-water (FW), FW-corrected fractional anisotropy (FAt), axial and radial diffusivity (ADt, RDt)) were calculated using tract-based spatial statistics. General linear models with age and handedness as covariates were applied to assess differences between NSS+ and NSS\u2212 group. We found higher gyrification in a large cluster spanning the left superior frontal and parietal areas, and widespread lower FAt and higher RDt compared with the NSS\u2212 group. This study shows that NSS in adolescents are associated with brain structure alterations. Underlying mechanisms may include alterations in synaptic pruning and axon myelination, which are hallmark processes of brain maturation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T12:08:03Z","timestamp":1669378083000},"page":"5547-5556","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Neurological soft signs in adolescents are associated with brain structure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8547-7283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena M","family":"Bonke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, , Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t, Munich , Germany"},{"name":"NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich (NICUM), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t , Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, , Boston, MA , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michaela V","family":"Bonfert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics at Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, , , Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics at Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, , , Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan M","family":"Hillmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics at Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, , , Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Division of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics at Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, , , Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Seitz-Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, , Boston, MA , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malo","family":"Gaubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, , Munich, Germany"},{"name":"CHU Rennes Radiology Department, , Rennes, France"},{"name":"University of Rennes Inria, CNRS, Inserm, IRISA UMR 6074, Empenn ERL, , Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim L T","family":"Wiegand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, , Munich, Germany"},{"name":"NeuroImaging Core Unit Munich (NICUM), University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t , Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, , Boston, MA , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Utrecht Image Sciences Institute, , Utrecht, the Netherlands"},{"name":"University Medical Center Utrecht Department of Neurology, , Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang Ik K","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, , Boston, MA, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stian B","family":"Sandmo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, , Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Oslo University Hospital Division of Mental Health and Addiction, , Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eukyung","family":"Yhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University School of Public Health Department of Biostatistics, , Boston, MA , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yorghos","family":"Tripodis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University School of Public Health Department of 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P","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, , Boston, MA, United States"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, , Boston, MA, United States"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, , Boston, MA, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Leemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Medical Center Utrecht Image Sciences Institute, , Utrecht, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephan P","family":"Swinnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven , Leuven, 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