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A systematic search of the literature, utilizing multiple databases, yielded 116 functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography studies that met the criteria. Coordinates that directly compared TD with either RD or MD were entered into GingerALE (Brainmap.org). An activation likelihood estimate (ALE) meta-analysis was conducted to examine common and unique brain regions for RD and MD. Overall, more studies examined RD (n\u2009=\u200996) than MD (n\u2009=\u200920). Across studies, overactivation for reading and math occurred in the right insula and inferior frontal gyrus for atypically developing (AD)\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009TD comparisons, albeit in slightly different areas of these regions; however, inherent threshold variability across imaging studies could diminish overlying regions. For TD\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009AD comparisons, there were no similar or overlapping brain regions. Results indicate there were domain-specific differences for RD and MD; however, there were some similarities in the ancillary recruitment of executive functioning skills. Theoretical and practical implications for researchers and educators are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T03:54:24Z","timestamp":1676001264000},"page":"6959-6989","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Examination of common and unique brain regions for atypical reading and math: a meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6271-0353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Martinez-Lincoln","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University , 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203 , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tess S","family":"Fotidzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University , 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203 , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurie E","family":"Cutting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University , 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203 , United States"},{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center , 110 Magnolia Circle, Nashville, TN 37203 , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gavin R","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Building Perry Road Exeter EX44QG , United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura A","family":"Barquero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University , 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203 , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023062717152841500_ref1","volume-title":"The ACT profile report-national","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023062717152841500_ref2","article-title":"Behavioral and functional neuroimaging studies of sensorimotor deficits in dyslexia (Publication Number 3108575) [Ph.D.]: Georgetown University Medical Center","author":"Agnew","year":"2003"},{"key":"2023062717152841500_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.577304","article-title":"Comorbidity between math and reading problems: is phonological processing a mutual factor?","volume":"14","author":"Amland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"2023062717152841500_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103031","article-title":"Action and emotion perception in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a neuroimaging meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Arioli","year":"2022","journal-title":"NeuroImage: Clin"},{"key":"2023062717152841500_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2013.12.003","article-title":"Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex: one decade on","volume":"18","author":"Aron","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"2023062717152841500_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.10.009","article-title":"Is 2+ 2= 4? 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