{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T18:37:50Z","timestamp":1768070270608,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004022","name":"Jenny and Antti Wihuri Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004022","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Musically trained individuals have been found to outperform untrained peers in various tasks for executive functions. Here, we present longitudinal behavioral results and cross-sectional, event-related potential (ERP), and fMRI results on the maturation of executive functions in musically trained and untrained children and adolescents. The results indicate that in school-age, the musically trained children performed faster in a test for set shifting, but by late adolescence, these group differences had virtually disappeared. However, in the fMRI experiment, the musically trained adolescents showed less activity in frontal, parietal, and occipital areas of the dorsal attention network and the cerebellum during the set-shifting task than untrained peers. Also, the P3b responses of musically trained participants to incongruent target stimuli in a task for set shifting showed a more posterior scalp distribution than control group participants\u2019 responses. Together these results suggest that the musician advantage in executive functions is more pronounced at an earlier age than in late adolescence. However, it is still reflected as more efficient recruitment of neural resources in set-shifting tasks, and distinct scalp topography of ERPs related to updating and working memory after childhood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]],"date-time":"2023-03-10T13:35:41Z","timestamp":1678455341000},"page":"7237-7249","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Enhanced neural mechanisms of set shifting in musically trained adolescents and young adults: converging fMRI, EEG, and behavioral evidence"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"K","family":"Saarikivi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki , Siltavuorenpenger 5, Helsinki, 00170 , Finland"},{"name":"Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki , Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, 00290 , Finland"},{"name":"Aalto NeuroImaging , Aalto University, Otakaari 5, Espoo, 02150 , Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T M V","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Toronto , 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3 , Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame , 390 Corbett Family Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556 , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Huotilainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki , Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, 00290 , Finland"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body, and Brain, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki , Siltavuorenpenger 5, Helsinki, 00170 , Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Tervaniemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki , Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, 00290 , Finland"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body, and Brain, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki , Siltavuorenpenger 5, Helsinki, 00170 , Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Putkinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki , Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, 00290 , Finland"},{"name":"Turku PET Center, University of Turku, Turku University Hospital , Kiinamyllynkatu 4-820520 Turku , Finland"},{"name":"Turku Institute for Advanced Studies , University of Turku, 20014 Turun yliopisto, Turku , 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