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Brain tissue integrity beyond the lesion (brain health) may influence language recovery and can be impacted by cardiovascular risk factors, notably diabetes. We examined the impact of diabetes on structural network integrity and language recovery. Seventy-eight participants with chronic post-stroke aphasia underwent six weeks of semantic and phonological language therapy. To quantify structural network integrity, we evaluated the ratio of long-to-short-range white matter fibers within each participant\u2019s whole brain connectome, as long-range fibers are more susceptible to vascular injury and have been linked to high level cognitive processing. We found that diabetes moderated the relationship between structural network integrity and naming improvement at 1\u00a0month post treatment. For participants without diabetes (n\u2009=\u200959), there was a positive relationship between structural network integrity and naming improvement (t\u2009=\u20092.19, p\u2009=\u20090.032). Among individuals with diabetes (n\u2009=\u200919), there were fewer treatment gains and virtually no association between structural network integrity and naming improvement. Our results indicate that structural network integrity is associated with treatment gains in aphasia for those without diabetes. These results highlight the importance of post-stroke structural white matter architectural integrity in aphasia recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T07:22:34Z","timestamp":1683184954000},"page":"8557-8564","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Diabetes, brain health, and treatment gains in post-stroke aphasia"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Roth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Busby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina , Columbia, SC 29208, 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