{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T23:54:28Z","timestamp":1787270068853,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]],"date-time":"2023-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brazilian Council for Science and Technology Development","award":["402990\/2016-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["402990\/2016-1"]}]},{"name":"Rio de Janeiro Foundation for the Support of Science","award":["E-26\/203.024\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/203.024\/2015"]}]},{"name":"Rio de Janeiro Foundation for the Support of Science","award":["E-26\/202.892\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/202.892\/2018"]}]},{"name":"Program of National Institutes of Science and Technology","award":["465346\/2014-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["465346\/2014-6"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","award":["303883\/2021-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303883\/2021-9"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24 AG043435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24 AG043435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The human cerebral cortex is one of the most evolved regions of the brain, responsible for most higher-order neural functions. Since nerve cells (together with synapses) are the processing units underlying cortical physiology and morphology, we studied how the human neocortex is composed regarding the number of cells as a function of sex and age. We used the isotropic fractionator for cell quantification of immunocytochemically labeled nuclei from the cerebral cortex donated by 43 cognitively healthy subjects aged 25\u201387\u00a0years old. In addition to previously reported sexual dimorphism in the medial temporal lobe, we found more neurons in the occipital lobe of men, higher neuronal density in women\u2019s frontal lobe, but no sex differences in the number and density of cells in the other lobes and the whole neocortex. On average, the neocortex has ~10.2 billion neurons, 34% in the frontal lobe and the remaining 66% uniformly distributed among the other 3 lobes. Along typical aging, there is a loss of non-neuronal cells in the frontal lobe and the preservation of the number of neurons in the cortex. Our study made possible to determine the different degrees of modulation that sex and age evoke on cortical cellularity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,28]],"date-time":"2023-04-28T01:15:29Z","timestamp":1682644529000},"page":"8654-8666","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The influence of age and sex on the absolute cell numbers of the human brain cerebral cortex"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Emily","family":"Castro-Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil"},{"name":"D\u2019Or Institute for Research and Education , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviane","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila G","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Wollner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaqueline","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur F","family":"Mello-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz E","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vilson C","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata E P","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank for Aging Studies, LIM 22, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Research in Aging (LIM-66), University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana T","family":"Alho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank for Aging Studies, LIM 22, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta D","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank for Aging Studies, LIM 22, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata E L","family":"Ferretti-Rebustini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank for Aging Studies, LIM 22, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, University of S\u00e3o Paulo School of Nursing , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia K","family":"Suemoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank for Aging Studies, LIM 22, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Research in Aging (LIM-66), University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilson","family":"Jacob-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank for Aging Studies, LIM 22, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Research in Aging (LIM-66), University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Nitrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank for Aging Studies, LIM 22, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos A","family":"Pasqualucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank for Aging Studies, LIM 22, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea T","family":"Grinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biobank for Aging Studies, LIM 22, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"},{"name":"Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California , San Francisco, CA , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda","family":"Tovar-Moll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil"},{"name":"D\u2019Or Institute for Research and Education , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Lent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil"},{"name":"D\u2019Or Institute for Research and Education , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil"},{"name":"National Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Ministry of Science and Technology , S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00034-X","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism and asymmetries in the gray-white composition of the human cerebrum","volume":"18","author":"Allen","year":"2003","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.05.023","article-title":"Normal neuroanatomical variation due to age: the major lobes and a parcellation of the temporal region","volume":"26","author":"Allen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref3","first-page":"1","article-title":"50 years of cognitive aging theory","volume":"72","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gerontol Ser B Psychol Sci Soc Sci"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.6.1983","article-title":"Age and hemisphere effects on dendritic structure","volume":"119","author":"Anderson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3738","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt273","article-title":"Cell number changes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease relate to dementia, not to plaques and tangles","volume":"136","author":"Andrade-Moraes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.918309","article-title":"Sex influences on the neurobiology of learning and memory","volume":"16","author":"Andreano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Learn Mem"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117289","article-title":"Associations between cognitive and brain volume changes in cognitively normal older adults","volume":"223","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21974","article-title":"Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain","volume":"513","author":"Azevedo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2012.09.015","article-title":"Automatic isotropic fractionation for large-scale quantitative cell analysis of nervous tissue","volume":"212","author":"Azevedo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2013.11.002","article-title":"Validation of the isotropic fractionator: comparison with unbiased stereology and DNA extraction for quantification of glial cells","volume":"222","author":"Bahney","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04554-y","article-title":"Brain charts for the human lifespan","volume":"604","author":"Bethlehem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1515\/tnsci-2017-0009","article-title":"White matter sexual dimorphism of the adult human brain","volume":"8","author":"Bourisly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Neurosci"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00308809","article-title":"Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer-related changes","volume":"82","author":"Braak","year":"1991","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00065-9","article-title":"Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Braak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901020206","article-title":"Organization of the cerebral cortex. III. A study of aging in the human cerebral cortex","volume":"102","author":"Brody","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-007-0237-2","article-title":"Neuropathologic diagnostic and nosologic criteria for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration: consensus of the consortium for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration","volume":"114","author":"Cairns","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3390\/neuroglia1010016","article-title":"An early history of Neuroglial research: personalities","volume":"1","author":"Chv\u00e1tal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroglia"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001767","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001767","article-title":"Left brain, right brain: facts and fantasies","volume":"12","author":"Corballis","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00975-1","article-title":"Three major dimensions of human brain cortical ageing in relation to cognitive decline across the eighth decade of life","volume":"26","author":"Cox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/98.1.81","article-title":"The density of synapses and neurons in normal, mentally defective and ageing human brains","volume":"98","author":"Cragg","year":"1975","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-022-00448-w","article-title":"Sex differences in the human brain: a roadmap for more careful analysis and interpretation of a biological reality","volume":"13","author":"DeCasien","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/35.6.836","article-title":"Neuron loss in the aging visual cortex of man","volume":"35","author":"Devaney","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2007.00289.x","article-title":"Changes in the structural complexity of the aged brain","volume":"6","author":"Dickstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.1957","article-title":"Neuropathologic basis of age-associated brain atrophy","volume":"70","author":"Erten-Lyons","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.06.009","article-title":"Effect of age on neocortical brain cells in 90+ year old human females-a cell counting study","volume":"34","author":"Fabricius","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2021.109081","article-title":"Quantitative determination of neuronal size and density using flow cytometry","volume":"352","author":"Farrow","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1590\/S1980-57642010DN40200011","article-title":"Post-mortem diagnosis of dementia by informant interview","volume":"4","author":"Ferretti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dement Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-57642015DN92000004","article-title":"Factors associated with morphometric brain changes in cognitively normal aging","volume":"9","author":"Ferretti-Rebustini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dement Neuropsychol"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31818fc72f","article-title":"Preservation of neuronal number despite age-related cortical brain atrophy in elderly subjects without Alzheimer disease","volume":"67","author":"Freeman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref30","first-page":"10","article-title":"Allometric analysis of brain cell number in hymenoptera suggests ant brains diverge from general trends","volume":"288","author":"Godfrey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/11.6.490","article-title":"Normal sexual dimorphism of the adult human brain assessed by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"11","author":"Goldstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23953","article-title":"Sex on the brain: are gender-dependent structural and functional differences associated with behavior?","volume":"95","author":"Grabowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-210297","article-title":"Severe gestational low-protein intake impacts hippocampal cellularity, tau, and amyloid-\u03b2 levels, and memory performance in male adult offspring: an Alzheimer-simile disease model?","volume":"6","author":"Grigoletti-Lima","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Alzheimer\u2019s Dis Rep"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-006-9022-z","article-title":"Brain bank of the Brazilian aging brain study group - a milestone reached and more than 1,600 collected brains","volume":"8","author":"Grinberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Bank"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/3.3.133","article-title":"\u201cNeuronal fall-out\u201d in the ageing brain: a critical review of the quantitative data","volume":"3","author":"Hanley","year":"1974","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2013.07.002","article-title":"Normal cognitive aging","volume":"29","author":"Harada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001800203","article-title":"Brain sizes, surfaces, and neuronal sizes of the cortex cerebri: a stereological investigation of man and his variability and a comparison with some mammals (primates, whales, marsupials, insectivores, and one elephant)","volume":"180","author":"Haug","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Anat"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(80)90048-9","article-title":"Cell counts in human cerebral cortex in normal adults throughout life using an image analysing computer","volume":"46","author":"Henderson","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4526-04.2005","article-title":"Isotropic fractionator: a simple, rapid method for the quantification of total cell and neuron numbers in the brain","volume":"25","author":"Herculano-Houzel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-015-2127-6","article-title":"How to count cells: the advantages and disadvantages of the isotropic fractionator compared with stereology","volume":"360","author":"Herculano-Houzel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170002691X","article-title":"A short form of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): development and cross-validation","volume":"24","author":"Jorm","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700005742","article-title":"The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE): socio-demographic correlates, reliability, validity and some norms","volume":"19","author":"Jorm","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-3681-2_5","volume-title":"Biochemistry and cell biology of ageing: part II clinical science","author":"Juan","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0111-z","article-title":"Sex differences in the developing brain: insights from multimodal neuroimaging","volume":"44","author":"Kaczkurkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31052","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.052969","article-title":"Identification of neuronal nuclei (NeuN) as Fox-3, a new member of the Fox-1 gene family of splicing factors","volume":"284","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.09.063","article-title":"MRI-based volumetry of head compartments: normative values of healthy adults","volume":"30","author":"Kruggel","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2011.07923.x","article-title":"How many neurons do you have? Some dogmas of quantitative neuroscience under revision","volume":"35","author":"Lent","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00187293","article-title":"Changes in volume, surface estimate, three-dimensional shape and total number of neurons of the human primary visual cortex from midgestation until old age","volume":"190","author":"Leuba","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anat Embryol"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00059","article-title":"Astrocyte heterogeneity: impact to brain aging and disease","volume":"11","author":"Matias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.05.011","article-title":"Hallmarks of brain aging: adaptive and pathological modification by metabolic states","volume":"27","author":"Mattson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150106","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2015.0106","article-title":"Multifaceted origins of sex differences in the brain","volume":"371","author":"McCarthy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-011-0198-6","article-title":"Age-related changes in the thickness of cortical zones in humans","volume":"24","author":"McGinnis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2014.00036","article-title":"Three counting methods agree on cell and neuron number in chimpanzee primary visual cortex","volume":"8","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.4.479","article-title":"The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (CERAD): part II. Standardization of the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"41","author":"Mirra","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2412-a","article-title":"The Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules","volume":"43","author":"Morris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.116.1.201","article-title":"NeuN, a neuronal specific nuclear protein in vertebratesxs","volume":"116","author":"Mullen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz099","article-title":"Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE): consensus working group report","volume":"142","author":"Nelson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2019.108392","article-title":"The reliability of the isotropic fractionator method for counting total cells and neurons","volume":"326","author":"Neves","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2017.05.025","article-title":"Comparison of estimates of neuronal number obtained using the isotropic fractionator method and unbiased stereology in day old chicks (Gallus domesticus)","volume":"287","author":"Ngwenya","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(99)00044-X","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in the human brain: evaluation of tissue volume, tissue composition and surface anatomy using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"98","author":"Nopoulos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e111733","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111733","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in the human olfactory bulb: females have more neurons and glial cells than males","volume":"9","author":"Oliveira-Pinto","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-015-1118-4","article-title":"Do age and sex impact on the absolute cell numbers of human brain regions?","volume":"221","author":"Oliveira-Pinto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19970728)384:2<312::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Neocortical neuron number in humans","volume":"384","author":"Pakkenberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.04.013","article-title":"Neocortical glial cell numbers in human brains","volume":"29","author":"Pelvig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(02)00060-X","article-title":"Structural changes that occur during normal aging of primate cerebral hemispheres","volume":"26","author":"Peters","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2005.036665","article-title":"Ageing and the brain","volume":"82","author":"Peters","year":"2006","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250381","article-title":"The number of neurons in Drosophila and mosquito brains","volume":"16","author":"Raji","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intell.2015.12.004","article-title":"Sex and sex-role differences in specific cognitive abilities","volume":"54","author":"Reilly","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intelligence"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2013.00028","article-title":"The human cerebral cortex is neither one nor many: neuronal distribution reveals two quantitatively different zones in the gray matter, three in the white matter, and explains local variations in cortical folding","volume":"7","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhy109","article-title":"Sex differences in the adult human brain: evidence from 5216 UK biobank participants","volume":"28","author":"Ritchie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-009-9118-x","article-title":"Beta-amyloid deposition and the aging brain","volume":"19","author":"Rodrigue","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2012.06.007","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in the human brain: evidence from neuroimaging","volume":"31","author":"Sacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2003.08.002","article-title":"Synaptic pathology in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a review of ultrastructural studies","volume":"24","author":"Scheff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.09.012","article-title":"Hippocampal synaptic loss in early Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"27","author":"Scheff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.08.050","article-title":"Design-based stereology in neuroscience","volume":"130","author":"Schmitz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.4103\/0377-4929.71995","article-title":"Biology of aging brain","volume":"53","author":"Shankar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.09.040","article-title":"Hemispheric asymmetry, modular variability and age-related changes in the human entorhinal cortex","volume":"130","author":"Simic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00242","article-title":"Sex differences in human olfaction: a meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Sorokowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(84)90093-9","article-title":"Consciousness, personal identity and the divided brain","volume":"22","author":"Sperry","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icaa129","article-title":"Peeking inside the lizard brain: neuron numbers in Anolis and its implications for cognitive performance and vertebrate brain evolution","author":"Storks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Integr Comp Biol"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002267","article-title":"Neuropathological diagnoses and clinical correlates in older adults in Brazil: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"Suemoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4493","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3199-16.2017","article-title":"SOX9 is an astrocyte-specific nuclear marker in the adult brain outside the neurogenic regions","volume":"37","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410210603","article-title":"Neocortical cell counts in normal human adult aging","volume":"21","author":"Terry","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2022.2131064","article-title":"Gestational protein restriction alters early amygdala neurochemistry in male offspring","volume":"4","author":"Torres","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(08)70401-5","article-title":"Left-right asymmetry in volume and number of neurons in adult Broca\u2019s area","volume":"42","author":"Uylings","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2018.00090","article-title":"The absolute number of oligodendrocytes in the adult mouse brain","volume":"12","author":"Val\u00e9rio-Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neuroanat"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2011.11.007","article-title":"Structural neuroimaging in aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Vernooij","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2017.08.004","article-title":"Myths and truths about the cellular composition of the human brain: a review of influential concepts","volume":"93","author":"Bartheld","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3865","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24040","article-title":"The search for true numbers of neurons and glial cells in the human brain: a review of 150 years of cell counting","volume":"524","author":"Bartheld","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1177\/44.10.8813082","article-title":"NeuN: a useful neuronal marker for diagnostic histopathology","volume":"44","author":"Wolf","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathmechdis.2.010506.092044","article-title":"The aging brain","volume":"3","author":"Yankner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis"},{"key":"2023070512021621300_ref92","first-page":"601","article-title":"Combined instruments on the evaluation of dementia in the elderly: preliminary results","volume":"61","author":"Zevallos Bustamante","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr"}],"container-title":["Cerebral Cortex"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/33\/13\/8654\/50662416\/bhad148.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article-pdf\/33\/13\/8654\/50662416\/bhad148.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,5]],"date-time":"2023-07-05T13:25:27Z","timestamp":1688563527000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/cercor\/article\/33\/13\/8654\/7145902"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhad148","relation":{},"ISSN":["1047-3211","1460-2199"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1047-3211","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2199","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,27]]}}}