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We performed a learning experiment with fMRI to investigate how these streams interact when confronted with novel tools. In session one, subjects observed pictures and video sequences in real world action of known and unknown tools and were asked whether they knew the tools and whether they understood their function. In session two, video sequences of unknown tools were presented again, followed again by the question of understanding their function. Different conditions were compared to each other and effective connectivity (EC) in the tool-use network was examined. During concept acquisition of an unknown tool, EC between dorsal and ventral streams was found posterior in fusiform gyrus and anterior in inferior frontal gyrus, with a functional interaction between BA44d and BA45. When previously unknown tools were presented for a second time, EC was prominent only between dorsal stream areas. Understanding the concept of a novel tool requires an interaction of the ventral stream with the dorsal streams. Once the concept is acquired, dorsal stream areas are sufficient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T06:24:45Z","timestamp":1687847085000},"page":"9652-9663","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Understanding the concept of a novel tool requires interaction of the dorsal and ventral streams"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Gundula","family":"Seidel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jena University Hospital Section of Neurological Rehabilitation, Hans Berger Department of Neurology, , Hermann-Sachse-Strasse 46, 07639 Bad Klosterlausnitz , Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Moritz Klinik Bad Klosterlausnitz , CW Breisacher Str. 64, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Rijntjes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg Department of Neurology, Medical Center, , CW Breisacher Str. 64, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"G\u00fcllmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jena University Hospital Medical Physics Group, Department of Radiology, , Philosophenweg 3, Geb\u00e4ude 5, 07743 Jena , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cornelius","family":"Weiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Moritz Klinik Bad Klosterlausnitz , CW Breisacher Str. 64, 79106 Freiburg im Breisgau , Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0036-4368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farsin","family":"Hamzei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jena University Hospital Section of Neurological Rehabilitation, Hans Berger Department of 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