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Here we show dissociated amplitude and phase effects of prestimulus alpha oscillation in a nested structure of rhythm- and sequence-based expectation. A visual stream of rhythmic stimuli was presented in a fixed sequence such that their temporal positions could be predicted by either the low-frequency rhythm, the sequence, or the combination. The behavioral modeling indicated that rhythmic and sequence information additively led to increased accumulation speed of sensory evidence and alleviated threshold for the perceptual discrimination of the expected stimulus. The electroencephalographical results showed that the alpha amplitude was modulated mainly by rhythmic information, with the amplitude fluctuating with the phase of the low-frequency rhythm (i.e. phase-amplitude coupling). The alpha phase, however, was affected by both rhythmic and sequence information. Importantly, rhythm-based expectation improved the perceptual performance by decreasing the alpha amplitude, whereas sequence-based expectation did not further decrease the amplitude on top of rhythm-based expectation. Moreover, rhythm-based and sequence-based expectations collaboratively improved the perceptual performance by biasing the alpha oscillation toward the optimal phase. Our findings suggested flexible coordination of multiscale brain oscillations in dealing with a complex environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,17]],"date-time":"2023-06-17T05:53:20Z","timestamp":1686981200000},"page":"9741-9755","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dissociated amplitude and phase effects of alpha oscillation in a nested structure of rhythm- and sequence-based temporal expectation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3051-0522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongbin","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, , Shanghai 200030 , China"},{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, , Shanghai 200030 , China"},{"name":"Peking University Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, , Beijing 100871 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7363-4360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China Normal University Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Psychological Crisis Intervention, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, , Shanghai 200062 , China"},{"name":"Peking University PKU-IDG\/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, , Beijing 100871 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1535-0671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lihui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, , Shanghai 200030 , 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