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We used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during natural sleep to characterize developmental trajectories of different regions using a longitudinal cohort of infants at 3\u00a0weeks (neonate), 1\u00a0year, and 2\u00a0years of age (n\u2009=\u200990; all with usable data at three time points). A novel whole brain heatmap analysis was performed with four mixed-effect models to determine the best fit of age-related changes for each functional connection: (i) growth effects: positive-linear-age, (ii) emergent effects: positive-log-age, (iii) pruning effects: negative-quadratic-age, and (iv) transient effects: positive-quadratic-age. Our results revealed that emergent (logarithmic) effects dominated developmental trajectory patterns, but significant pruning and transient effects were also observed, particularly in connections centered on inferior frontal and anterior cingulate areas that support social learning and conflict monitoring. Overall, unique global distribution patterns were observed for each growth model indicating that developmental trajectories for different connections are heterogeneous. All models showed significant effects concentrated in association areas, highlighting the dominance of higher-order social\/cognitive development during the first 2 years of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T19:26:11Z","timestamp":1692213971000},"page":"10367-10379","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Longitudinal developmental trajectories of functional connectivity reveal regional distribution of distinct age effects in infancy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8242-2973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janelle","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences , and Imaging, Cedars\u2013Sinai Medical Center, , Los Angeles, CA 90048 , United States"},{"name":"Biomedical Imaging Research Institute , and Imaging, Cedars\u2013Sinai Medical Center, , Los Angeles, CA 90048 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences , and Imaging, Cedars\u2013Sinai Medical Center, , Los Angeles, CA 90048 , United States"},{"name":"Biomedical Imaging Research Institute , and Imaging, Cedars\u2013Sinai Medical Center, , Los Angeles, CA 90048 , United States"},{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA 90095 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emil","family":"Cornea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27514 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John H","family":"Gilmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill , Chapel 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