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However, little is known about brain development in niMSBDs. Our study aimed to characterize prenatal brain development in fetuses with niMSBDs and identify altered brain regions compared to controls. We retrospectively analyzed in vivo structural T2-weighted MRIs of 99 fetuses (48 controls and 51 niMSBDs cases). For each group (19\u201331 and\u2009&amp;gt;31 gestational weeks (GW)), we conducted repeated-measures regression analysis with relative regional volume (% brain hemisphere) as a dependent variable (adjusted for age, side, and interactions). Between 19 and 31GW, fetuses with niMSBDs had a significantly (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) smaller relative volume of the intermediate zone (\u221222.9\u2009\u00b1\u20093.2%) and cerebellum (\u221216.1\u2009\u00b1\u20093.5%,) and a larger relative volume of proliferative zones (38.3\u2009\u00b1\u20097.2%), the ganglionic eminence (34.8\u2009\u00b1\u20097.3%), and the ventricles (35.8\u2009\u00b1\u20098.0%). Between 32 and 37 GW, compared to the controls, niMSBDs showed significantly smaller volumes of central regions (\u22129.1\u2009\u00b1\u20092.1%) and larger volumes of the cortical plate. Our results suggest there is altered brain development in fetuses with niMSBDs compared to controls (13.1\u2009\u00b1\u20094.2%). Further basic and translational neuroscience research is needed to better visualize these differences and to characterize the altered development in fetuses with specific niMSBDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T07:39:18Z","timestamp":1694504358000},"page":"10793-10801","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Atypical fetal brain development in fetuses with non-syndromic isolated musculoskeletal birth defects (niMSBDs)"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Esha","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Brumfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Masse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7176-3852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clemente","family":"Velasco-Annis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6473-3316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennings","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115 , United 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