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Using biophysical modeling, synaptic inputs to a subpopulation of layer-3 (L3) and layer-5 (L5) pyramidal cells (PCs) were optimized to reproduce error-related spiking modulation and inter-spike intervals. The intrinsic dynamics of dendrites in L5 but not L3 error PCs generate theta rhythmicity with random phases. Saccades synchronized the phases of the theta-rhythm, which was magnified on errors. Contributions from error PCs to the laminar current source density (CSD) observed in SEF were negligible and could not explain the observed association between error-related spiking modulation in L3 PCs and scalp-EEG. CSD from recorded laminar field potentials in SEF was comprised of multipolar components, with monopoles indicating strong electro-diffusion, dendritic\/axonal electrotonic current leakage outside SEF, or violations of the model assumptions. Our results also demonstrate the involvement of secondary cortical regions, in addition to SEF, particularly for the later Pe component. The dipolar component from the observed CSD paralleled the ERN dynamics, while the quadrupolar component paralleled the Pe. These results provide the most advanced explanation to date of the cellular mechanisms generating the ERN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T08:40:47Z","timestamp":1695199247000},"page":"11300-11319","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Cortical origin of theta error signals"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Herrera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University , Miami, FL 33174 , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amirsaman","family":"Sajad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology , Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Center for Integrative & Cognitive Neuroscience, , Nashville, TN 37203 , United States"},{"name":"Vanderbilt University , Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Center for Integrative & Cognitive Neuroscience, , Nashville, TN 37203 , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven P","family":"Errington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology , Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Center for Integrative & Cognitive Neuroscience, , Nashville, TN 37203 , United States"},{"name":"Vanderbilt University , Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Center for Integrative & Cognitive Neuroscience, , Nashville, TN 37203 , United States"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO 63110 , United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D","family":"Schall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Vision Research , Vision: Science to Applications Program, Departments of Biology and Psychology, , Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 , Canada"},{"name":"York University , Vision: Science to Applications Program, 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