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Recent studies have shown that this neural activity is modulated by the predictability of action outcomes. It is unclear whether inner speech is also preceded by a motor-related negativity and influenced by the same factor. In three experiments, we compared the contingent negative variation elicited in a cue paradigm in an active vs. passive condition. In Experiment 1, participants produced an inner phoneme, at which an audible phoneme whose identity was unpredictable was concurrently presented. We found that while passive listening elicited a late contingent negative variation, inner speech production generated a more negative late contingent negative variation. In Experiment 2, the same pattern of results was found when participants were instead asked to overtly vocalize the phoneme. In Experiment 3, the identity of the audible phoneme was made predictable by establishing probabilistic expectations. We observed a smaller late contingent negative variation in the inner speech condition when the identity of the audible phoneme was predictable, but not in the passive condition. These findings suggest that inner speech is associated with motor preparatory activity that may also represent the predicted action-effects of covert actions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T18:30:22Z","timestamp":1699554622000},"page":"11556-11569","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Neurophysiological evidence of motor preparation in inner speech and the effect of content predictability"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Lawrence K-h","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) , Mathews Building, Library Walk, Kensington NSW 2052 , Australia"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , 3\/F Sino Building, Chung Chi Road, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley N","family":"Jack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Psychology, Australian National University , Building 39, Science Road, Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oren","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle , Behavioural Sciences Building, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Sydney , Griffith Taylor Building, Manning Road, Camperdown NSW 2006 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Luque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of Malaga , Faculty of Psychology, Dr Ortiz Ramos Street, 29010 Malaga , Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony W F","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney , 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead NSW 2145 , Australia"},{"name":"Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research , 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead NSW 2145 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin M","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Service, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School , 150 South Huntington Avenue, Boston MA 02130 , United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mike E","family":"Le Pelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) , Mathews Building, Library Walk, Kensington NSW 2052 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne H-w","family":"So","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , 3\/F Sino Building, Chung Chi Road, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J","family":"Whitford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of New South Wales (UNSW Sydney) , Mathews Building, Library Walk, Kensington NSW 2052 , Australia"},{"name":"Brain Dynamics Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research , 176 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead NSW 2145 , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2024013010404764700_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000021","article-title":"Inner speech: development, cognitive functions, phenomenology, and neurobiology","volume":"141","author":"Alderson-Day","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"2024013010404764700_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2018.07.001","article-title":"The varieties of inner speech questionnaire - 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