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While training can overcome these multitasking costs, the more elusive objective of training interventions is to induce persistent gains that transfer across tasks. Combined brain stimulation and cognitive training protocols have been employed to improve a range of psychological processes and facilitate such transfer, with consistent gains demonstrated in multitasking and decision-making. Neural activity in frontal, parietal, and subcortical regions has been implicated in multitasking training gains, but how the brain supports training transfer is poorly understood. To investigate this, we combined transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex and multitasking training, with functional magnetic resonance imaging in 178 participants. We observed transfer to a visual search task, following 1\u00a0mA left or right prefrontal cortex transcranial direct current stimulation and multitasking training. These gains persisted for 1-month post-training. Notably, improvements in visual search performance for the right hemisphere stimulation group were associated with activity changes in the right hemisphere dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, intraparietal sulcus, and cerebellum. Thus, functional dynamics in these task-general regions determine how individuals respond to paired stimulation and training, resulting in enhanced performance on an untrained task.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T16:33:46Z","timestamp":1699288426000},"page":"11679-11694","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Neural substrates of individual differences in learning generalization via combined brain stimulation and multitasking training"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8248-6344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohan","family":"Wards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, The University of Queensland , McElwain Building, Campbell Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shane E","family":"Ehrhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, The University of Queensland , McElwain Building, Campbell Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9005-8975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah L","family":"Filmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, The University of Queensland , McElwain Building, Campbell Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason B","family":"Mattingley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, The University of Queensland , McElwain Building, Campbell Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia"},{"name":"Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland , Building 79, Upland Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia"},{"name":"Canadian Institute for Advanced Research , MaRS Centre, West tower, 661 University Ave., Suite 505, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly G","family":"Garner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, The University of Queensland , McElwain Building, Campbell Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia"},{"name":"Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland , Building 79, Upland Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia"},{"name":"School of Psychology, University of New South Wales , Mathews Building, Gate 11, Botany Street, Randwick, New South Wales 2052, Australia"},{"name":"School of Psychology, University of Birmingham , Hills Building, Edgbaston Park Rd, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul E","family":"Dux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, The University of Queensland , McElwain Building, Campbell Road, St Lucia, 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